Welcome to Dr. Ted Wilson’s Anatomy and Physiology 211 8/27

1. Welcome to Dr. Ted Wilson’s Anatomy and Physiology 211 8/27 • Primary topics for today: • Syllabus and class expectations • What is the study of Anatomy? • What is the study of Physiology? • What do we study in A and P 211 and 212? • What is the scientific method? • What is structural hierarchy with respect to the human body? • How do we use A and P in our daily lives and in the work place?

2. Anat and Phys 211 Lab Lab Activities: Click on the link at my website to down load the lab, pre-read before lab, and bring it to your assigned lab time. What you do in lab:Your time in lab should be spent looking at the activities in the lab manual, it helps immensely to bring a spiral notebook to write notes to help you remember what you memorized. Lab Exams: Lab exams consist of 25 questions (50 points), in short if it is in the lab manual, it is fair game on the lab exam. Lecture material stays on the lecture test. Sometimes the same thing will be observed in both lab and lecture, so it might appear on both tests. Lab exams will be on a Wed or Thursday at a time of your choosing (a special sign-up sheet will be posted) Open Lab Hours: Reading or looking at websites is not a substitute for looking at the bones etc. Open lab lets you come to the lab and review what you saw in your formal lab. Find study partners and review together! When? Tentatively M-Th 6-8am and 8-10pm, Fri 6am-4pm, Sunday 6-8pm Typical lab requires 2-4 hours of study outside of lab for a “B” on a typical test. Lab Use Agreement: This describes what safe lab activities are. Please find it at my website, sign it and bring it to lecture (please do not hand it in to lab instructor).

3. How do AP211 and AP212 Differ? • 211 is primarily anatomy: location and the words used to describe structures • How do we describe the signs and anatomical locations of disease? • 212 is mostly physiology: function and the words use to describe causes of dysfunction • How do we describe functional reasons for why we are sick? • Remember that AP 211/212 are not intended for persons who are PreMed… Please see instructor after class if you are pre-med!

4. How do we study Anatomy? • Anatomy describes structures and locations • Physiology describes actions and interactions • Gross Anatomy- • Histology or Microanatomy- • Ultrastructure- • What types of anatomy do we use to study the different aspects of the body? • When do we need to use the different methods?

5. All persons who work in medicine are scientists.What are the processes used in “scientific method”? • Scientific Methods- This should be high school review. • Inductive Method: “normal” is what we typically observe. Example: we all have a structure that pumps blood and we call it the heart! • Hypothetico-Deductive Method: testing! • We often test on ourselves as scientists….. • Observation: Our patient have a headache and I have observed other feeling relief after taking an Tylenol. • Question/Hypothesis: If I give the patient Tylenol will they feel better and have less pain? • Answer: Give the person a Tylenol and find out if the hypothesis is correct.

6. Person to Person variability is one reason that all diseases are not successfully diagnosed or treated! • Are all headaches caused by the same thing? • Will all headaches respond to Tylenol? • Consider: • Sample size • Control vs. Treatment vs. Placebo • “Placebo Effect” • Experimenter Bias vs. Double Blind Method • Statistical testing of results • GeneralizationTheoryLaw of Nature • Our ability to use A and P makes us better scientists and better at improving health!

7. What tools do we use to study anatomy? • Cadavers and Dissection- • 4 Techniques for physical examination: • 1-Visual observation- eyes • 2-Palatation- fingers • 3-Auscultation- biological sounds • 4-Percussion- tap sounds • How do we use these to evaluate signs indicating the severity of pneumonia? • How do we use these to determine if a person has a broken arm?

8. What are some of the areas of specialization in medicine and medical science? Sub-classes of medicine exist? Neurology Cardiology Pathology Endocrinology Neonatology Pediatrics Surgery Why are there so many specializations? How do the tools of each specialization overlap? What area will you become specialized in? Can we ever “know it all”?

9. The Structural Hierarchy of the Body • Whole Body- • Organ Systems- • Organs- • Tissues- • Cells: “Cell Theory”- • Organelles- • Membrane Lipid Bilayers- • Molecules • Atoms • SubAtomic: electrons-protons-neutrons • Can you draw and label the transition from whole body to single atom?

10. Are there variations to the rules of structural hierarchy? YES! Consider Human height and weight in males vs. females. • Reference Man: 22 yrs 70kg/154 lbs • Reference Woman: 22 yrs 58 kg/128 lbs 2.2 pounds is the same as 1 kilogram 1 kg = 1,000 milliliters water Consider human eye color, growth rate and % body fat. Some variation is due to genetics and some is due to environment Often times variation is due to genetics and environment Consider anatomical locations and variation. Size of organs: where is your fat? Location/Appearance of organs? Dextrocardia is a neat example There are rules, but exceptions may exist!

11. How do I study this material? Your success depends on your ability to speak this language fluently! • 1) Spend quality time on task • 2) Work cooperatively on task • 3) Have high expectations for yourself • 4) “Study” 2-3 hours for each daily lecture hour, not just the night before an exam • 5) Use online resources to double check facts and “learn more” about things that interest you! • 5) “Mentally” review material when not actively studying. • 6) Try to look for “FUN” applications of Anatomy and Physiology!!! • Why do I need this information?

12. These are some other resources that may be helpful. Remember that learning is often a matter of looking at the same thing from a different perspective, eventually this leads to understanding. • Try other textbooks and ask other students • Try online searching for a key word with http://www.google.com/, http://ask.com, or http://en.wikipedia.org/ BUT REMEMBER THESE MAY NOT BE CLINICAL or SCIENTIFIC! Use caution with the web. • Ask the instructor….at office or by email (this works really well), but right before lecture does not too well. • If you never ask you will probably never understand. 

13. PowerPoint Computer Tricks: So, why is Dr.Wilson’s lecture room LapTop Free? • Download lecture and look at related parts of book, and review power point outlines one more time just before class. • Printing from PowerPoint: • Print”Print What” Handouts1,2,4,or 6 frames/page • Try printing double sided pages saves trees ($) • Using the electronic pen on your tablet and writing directly on the file on your laptop can be useful, but just is not as good as using a good old fashioned pencil. • Try re-writing the notes into your own words after lecture. • Keep your cellphone/tablet turned off in lecture, you know and I know that email, facebook, and other instant messaging announcements will distract you from the reason you are paying $6,000 per semester to sit in this seat and learn. Your friends will still be there when you get out of class, check your social accounts then and learn while you are in lecture…..this is SO very important to your success.