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Journey to the Mythical Heart of the Matter...

Oracle Quiz on SQL and PL/SQL See water burning Alex Nuijten & Lucas Jellema AMIS, The Netherlands. Journey to the Mythical Heart of the Matter. We will look at some lesser known Oracle SQL and PL/SQL features And see some ..ahem… alternative usages of well known features

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Journey to the Mythical Heart of the Matter...

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  1. Oracle Quiz on SQL and PL/SQLSee water burning Alex Nuijten & Lucas JellemaAMIS, The Netherlands

  2. Journey to the Mythical Heart of the Matter... • We will look at some lesser known Oracle SQL and PL/SQL features • And see some ..ahem… alternative usages of well known features • In the form of a Quiz, you can show off • Multiple choice, no modifications, play fair! • Winner gets to select any book from the bookstall

  3. What is the name of Scott’s cat? • King • Tiger • Big Red • Bruce 1

  4. The Demo-tables – The Infamous SCOTT schema

  5. What has been done to have this query return this result? • Data in EMP have been manipulated • 10g Package DBMS_ADVANCED_REWRITE has been (ab)used • Pre-parsed cursor fetch has been rolled over by buffer- cache checkpoint high water mark • 9iR2 and beyond query randomizer at work 2

  6. What is the result of this query? • OPERATIONS • New York • 04 • SELAS 3

  7. Which query implements this question? • For all employees, return the name and • If they are manager • And their salary is 2950 or up, return label ‘High’ • Salary under 2950, return label ‘Low’ • Else, in case they are not a manager, return • label ‘Low’ if they earn under 1000 • label ‘Medium Odd’ if they have an odd salary over 1000 • label ‘Medium’ if their salary is over 1000 and it is an even number

  8. Which query implements this question? B. A. 4 C. D.

  9. CASE offers a much more attractive solution:

  10. DECODE vs. CASE • Why not DECODE • Hard to read, impossible to maintain • Not part of the ANSI standards for SQL • CASE expressions are a lot more powerful • When/Where CASE: • In SQL • select, where, having, order by • In PL/SQL • In Check Constraints • In Index definitions

  11. How can we implement this business rule? • A department may not have more than one CLERK • Unique Constraint - on EMP (DEPTNO, JOB) • Check Constraint with CASE expression • Unique Index • Insert and Update trigger on EMP (column DEPTNO and JOB) 5

  12. Function Based Unique Index • An index can be defined as UNIQUE • A UNIQUE index ignores NULL-clashes • UNIQUE (deptno, job) accepts (NULL,NULL) and (NULL,NULL) • A Function Based Index can be defined for an expression or PL/SQL function call, for example a CASE expression • A department may not have more than one CLERK:

  13. How do we make a random selection of approximately 10% of our Employee records? B. A. 6 C. D.

  14. FROM … SAMPLE (8i) FROM <table> sample (percentage) • The sample_clause lets you instruct Oracle to select from a random sample of rows from the table, rather than from the entire table. • The sample percentage is between 0.000001 and 100 • The percentage indicates the chance for each record to be included in the sample select emp.* , dept.dname from emp sample (10) -- 10% , deptwhere emp.deptno = dept.deptno

  15. Whoops Management • I perform this update: • update emp set sal = (1+ dbms_random.value) * sal; • commit; • Whoops….production system… Oh Oh. • How can I best correct this situation? • Flashback Database and Roll Forward until just prior to the update • Select old values from Flashback Query and update • Restore a database backup, export table and import • Use the 10g ‘Undo Transaction’ statement 7

  16. Flashback Query • select * from table AS OF TIMESTAMP • Select values as they were at a certain moment in time • Depends on UNDO data • In actual fact is every Oracle query (due to the read-consistency) some sort of flashback query)

  17. The Top-3 Earning Employees • What can you state about the query below with regard to the quest for the “Top 3 earning employees”? • Returns the correct answer • May sometimes return the correct answer • Okay as long as there are no duplicate salaries • Not correct 8

  18. In-Line Views • In line views have been around since 7.2 (and in 7.1 an undocumented feature)

  19. Can we select the Top 3 Earners PER DEPARTMENT? A. Can not be done in a single Query B. 9 C. D.

  20. Analytical Functions

  21. SELECT … ANALYTICAL FUNCTION (8i/9i) • Functions for advanced analysis • OLAP inspired • Very efficient compared to traditional SQL • Since 8.1.7 EE and 9iR2 SE • Typical Analytical operations • Aggregation • Ranking • Deduplication • Inter-row comparisons and calculations • Spreadsheet-ish • Statistical Analysis

  22. Which of these queries contains an invalid Oracle 9iR2 SQL-statement B. A. 10 C. D.

  23. User Defined Aggregate • Oracle Data Cartridge allows us to define our own Aggregates • For example: SUM_VARCHAR2, AVG_DATE,COUNT_CHARACTERS select avg(hiredate) from emp ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

  24. User defined sum_varchar2 aggregate • Implement AmisVarchar2SumImpl object • Create function sum_varchar2 as aggregate using object AmisVarchar2SumImpl select deptno , sum_varchar2(ename) employees from emp group by deptno

  25. What is going on here? Plaatje EXCEL • Table Function and UTL_FILE • External Table • Materialized View • REDO LogFile 11

  26. ExternalTables EXTERNAL TABLE (9i) • Data in an external text-file can be published as ‘table’ in the database • accessed in SQL and PL/SQL like a normal table • Define table with ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL CREATE TABLE emp_ext ( empcode NUMBER(4), empname VARCHAR2(25), deptname VARCHAR2(25), hiredate date ) ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL ... select * from …where …

  27. Language!?

  28. What (or who) is behind all this? • View on Table Function that generates of transforms values • NLS_RESOURCE_BUNDLE settings • Virtual Private Database – policy function on table • View with PL/SQL Function Call in the WHERE-clause 12

  29. FROM … TABLE FUNCTION (9i) • (result returned by) PL/SQL Function can be used as data-source in query • As if it were a table • Function must return a Server NESTED TABLE Type • CREATE TYPE NUM_TABLE IS TABLE OF NUMBER • Functions can be nested, parallelized and/or pipelined ...from table( function(<parameters) )where ...

  30. PieCharts in SQL • Can you have a SQL query return apie chart? • For example to review the salary sumsper JOB catagory • No. Are you out of your mind? • I would be surprised. I assume with Table Functions… • Piece of cake (pun intentional) : use the new 10g EXTRACT_PIE function • Yeah, you can do that, but only on Windows 13

  31. PieChart in SQL

  32. B A 1 10 B B or A 2 11 D A, C or D 3 12 B A 4 13 C or D 5 B or D 6 B (a or c) 7 B or D 8 D (c) 9 Final scores…. • How many correct answers did you give?

  33. … and the winner is…

  34. How often will this trigger fire for this update statement? • No more than 3 times • Up to 5 times • At least three with a maximum of 6 times • Unlimited

  35. What is happening? Session 1 Session 2 update i=1, i=2 and begin with i=3; run into lock held by session 2 updates are rolled-back and a select-for update is initiated The lock on i=3 is released now; i equals 6!

  36. Which Country is The Netherlands?

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