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Holt Environmental Science

Holt Environmental Science. Ch. 5: Energy Resources. Section 1: Natural Resources. Section 1: Natural Resources. Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans. Section 1: Natural Resources. Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans.

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Holt Environmental Science

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  1. Holt Environmental Science Ch. 5: Energy Resources

  2. Section 1: Natural Resources

  3. Section 1: Natural Resources Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans.

  4. Section 1: Natural Resources Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans. - Most are made into different products - Their energy ultimately comes from the sun

  5. Section 1: Natural Resources Renewable resource - a natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which it is used.

  6. Section 1: Natural Resources Nonrenewable resource - a resource that forms at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which it is consumed.

  7. Conserving Natural Resources • Use only when necessary • Take care of the resources even when you’re not using them.

  8. Energy Conservation • Most of the energy we use for electricity, heat, and transportation comes from nonrenewable resources. • If we don’t conserve energy now, the resources may not be available in the future.

  9. The 3 R’s 1. Reduce Use only the resources that you need.

  10. The 3 R’s 2. Reuse Use the same product again.

  11. The 3 R’s 3. Recycle The process of reusing materials from waste or scrap.

  12. Recycling: Saves Resources and Conserves Energy

  13. Section 2: Fossil Fuels

  14. Section 2: Fossil Fuels • Energy resources - natural resources that humans use to generate energy. • Fossil fuel - a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. coal petroleum natural gas

  15. Fossil Fuels • Energy is released from fossil fuels when they are burned. Link: How fossil fuels generate electricity A coal-burning power plant.

  16. Fossil Fuels • All living things are made up of carbon. • Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of plants and animals (carbon).

  17. Fossil Fuels • Most fossil fuels are made up of hydrocarbons: hydrogen-carbon compounds.

  18. Petroleum • Petroleum - a liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon compounds. • a.k.a. crude oil • Refineries separate petroleum into various kinds of products: gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil >40% of world’s energy Black gold

  19. Natural Gas • Natural gas - a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons. - used for heating, generating electricity, powering some vehicles. +: burns cleaner than oil -: very flammable/explosive

  20. Coal • Coal - a solid fossil fuel that is formed underground from partially decomposed plant material. - was once the major source of energy in US - still used in power plants Produces large amounts of air pollution

  21. How Do Fossil Fuels Form? • All fossil fuels form from the buried remains of ancient organisms.

  22. Petroleum and Natural Gas Formation • Petroleum and natural gas form mainly from the remains of microscopic sea organisms. phytoplankton zooplankton

  23. Petroleum and Natural Gas Formation Organisms die, decay, get buried, become part of sediment. Sediment slowly becomes rock, trapping the remains. Over millions of years, these remains turn into petroleum and natural gas.

  24. Coal Formation Swamp plants die and sink to the bottom of the swamp…

  25. Bacteria and fungi decompose swamp plants… 1: Peat - 60% carbon • Buried by sediment, more heat & pressure 2: Lignite - 70% carbon • Buried further, more heat & pressure 3: Bituminous Coal - 80% carbon • Buried further, more heat & pressure 4: Anthracite - 90% carbon

  26. Fact: - About 10 feet of compressed plant matter eventually make a foot of coal

  27. As you travel from the earth's surface toward the center, the temperature increases by about 1.5oF per 100 feet of depth. As coal is buried deeper and deeper by accumulating sediments, much of the water and volatile components are squeezed out leaving behind carbon, ash, and sulfur.

  28. Where Are Fossil Fuels Found? - Oil and natural gas come from areas that were prehistoric oceans - Pangaea - Coal comes from areas that were swamps - We import about ½ of our oil

  29. How Do We Obtain Fossil Fuels? - Oil and natural gas: Drilling wells An oil well An offshore oil rig

  30. How Do We Obtain Fossil Fuels? - Coal: Mining Strip mining Deep mining

  31. Problems with Fossil Fuels • Pollution • Acid precipitation - rain, sleet, or snow that has a high concentration of acids, often because of air pollutants. - Can affect: wildlife, plants, buildings, etc.

  32. Problems with Fossil Fuels Coal Mining • Surface mining can damage habitats • Can lower water tables & pollute water supplies • Underground mining can be dangerous

  33. Problems with Fossil Fuels Petroleum • Producing, transporting, and using petroleum can cause environmental problems.

  34. The 2010 BP Oil Spill Deepwater Horizon was an offshore drilling rig that exploded, killing 11 workers. This resulted in a leak which released 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Areas impacted include: • The environment • The fishing industry • The tourism industry • The U.S. economy

  35. Problems with Fossil Fuels Petroleum • smog - photochemical haze that forms when sunlight acts on industrial pollutants and burning fuels.

  36. Problems with Fossil Fuels They’re nonrenewable! World Clock

  37. Advantages of Fossil Fuels Why are fossil fuels so widely used? • They’re relatively cheap • They’re widely available • The energy is concentrated, portable, and reliable • They burn hotter than many other options • Ease of use - infrastructure is built around them

  38. Sec. 3: Alternative Resources

  39. Sec. 3: Alternative Resources Problems with Fossil Fuels 1. They’re nonrenewable 2. Environmental consequences So we must find alternatives.

  40. Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy - the energy released by a fission or fusion reaction; the binding energy of the atomic nucleus.

  41. Fission Fission - the nuclei of radioactive atoms are split into two or more smaller nuclei. Animation

  42. Nuclear Power Plant

  43. Pros and Cons of Fission Pros • Doesn’t have the pollution associated with fossil fuels • Concentrated energy This is steam, not smoke

  44. Pros and Cons of Fission Cons - Radioactive waste

  45. Pros and Cons of Fission Cons • Potential accidental release of radiation • - 1986 • Estimates of deaths due to • Chernobyl fallout range from • 9,000 to 985,000.

  46. 2011 Japan Earthquake March 11, 2011 • Powerful earthquake caused meltdowns at three nuclear reactors. • Was compounded by hydrogen gas explosions and the venting of contaminated steam which released large amounts of radioactive material into the air.

  47. Pros and Cons of Fission Cons - Hot water could disrupt local ecosystem

  48. Fusion Fusion - the joining of two or more nuclei to form a larger nucleus.

  49. Fusion - Releases large amounts of energy - Powers the sun

  50. Nuclear Fusion Pro • produces few dangerous wastes Con - requires very high temperatures

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