Expert Meeting on Technology Road Maps

1. Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture: Experiences from Bangladesh Expert Meeting on Technology Road Maps 25 March 2013 Bonn, Germany Golam Rabbani Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS)

2. Outline of the Presentation • Background • Climate Induced Major Hazards • How climate change currently affects agriculture practices (including the coast of Bangladesh) • Adaptation Technologies for Agriculture (Crop-Rice) in Bangladesh • Adaptation Policy and Strategy of the Government of Bangladesh • Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh

3. Background • Bangladesh is one of the climate related disaster prone countries of the world • Climate Change reduces rice production in Bangladesh by an average 3.9 % each year (World Bank, 2010) • 4°C increase in temperature would have a sever impact on food production in Bangladesh, resulting in a 28 percent reduction for rice and a 68 per cent reduction for wheat (BCAS, BIDS and BUP, 1996) • Bangladesh losses about 0.5 million tones of rice annually as a result of floods (Paul and Rashid, 1993) • Salinity affected 1.1 million ha of land (soil) in the coast • Farmers are adapting with local and innovative technologies (advantage and disadvantages)

4. Cyclone Storm surge, salinity Drought Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Agriculture Sector in Bangladesh Flood Water logging Bank erosion Bank Erosion Mazumder, 2011

5. Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Bangladesh • River flood • Flash flood • Tidal surge • Affected/Exposed Areas: • Nearly 80 % areas of the • country is low-lying • Recent floods affected 30-69 • % areas • Standing crops damage

6. Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Bangladesh

7. Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Bangladesh Source: BWDB

8. Sea Level Rise Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Bangladesh 1 Meter Sea Level Rise

9. Climate Induced Major Hazards That Affect Bangladesh Salinity Intrusion in agriculture fields (SOIL) • Salinity intrusion increased by 27 % from 1973 to 2009 (SRDI, 2010) • Farmers are extremely challenged with salinity • After Cyclone Aila (2009), many farmers couldn’t cultivate rice for three consecutive years

10. How climate change induced hazards currently affects agriculture practices in the coast of Bangladesh Impacts on Agriculture sector Vulnerability to LIVELIHOOD • Heavy rainfall in short • time cause damage to crop • Excessive rainfall submerge • the vegetables and crops for • several days • Damages of crops, fisheries • and livestock • No freshwater for crops • Reduce crop • production • due to salinity in soil • Reduced yields • loss of crops Cyclone and Storm surge Late and lack of rainfall Tidal surge and Salinity intrusion excessive rainfall (sky flood!) Climate Change • Overflows surface • water resources • Lack of freshwater for • irrigation • Salinity in surface water • huge surface runoff • Quality of water • deteriorates • Low level of water • in ponds and mini ponds • Water quality and • quantity Impacts on water sector Vulnerability to LIVELIHOODS

11. Adaptation Technologies for Agriculture (Crop-Rice and Wheat) in Bangladesh

12. Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture (Crop-Rice and Wheat) in Bangladesh

13. Adaptation Technologies in Agriculture (Crop-Rice) in Bangladesh Climate Tolerant Rice Varieties

14. “Saline Tolerant Varieties” as the effective adaptation option for Rice Farming in the most vulnerable Coastal Zone in Bangladesh

15. key Adaptation Technologies in Crop Agriculture in Bangladesh • Stress (flood, drought and salinity) tolerant varieties • Short duration crops • Innovative farming practices (floating gardens, irrigation efficiency) • Crop diversification • Changing/shifting cropping pattern • Adjustments in irrigation system (excavation of mini-ponds, supplementary irrigation) • Cropping intensity (1, 2, 3, 4……crops in a year)

16. Adaptation Policy and Strategy of the Government of Bangladesh • Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 2005 • National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) 2004/2005 • Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP, 2009) • Food security, social protection and health • Comprehensive Disaster Management • Infrastructure • Mitigation and low carbon development • Research and knowledge management • Capacity and institutions

17. Trusty Board • Managing fund and selection of adaptation projects • 15 members Adaptation Actions/Projects MoEF Current Adaptation Governance: Conceptual Framework Line Ministries • Technical Committee • review and recommendation of adaptation projects CTF • Policy and Strategy • BCCSAP • NAPA CCT Climate Finance Evaluation Team BCRRF High Level Committee DoE Departments/Institutes Implementing Organizations NGO/CSOs Communities

18. Adaptation technology in practice: Flood Prone Areas • Floating Bed Preparation • Collection of materials (water-hyacinth and other aquatic vegetation) • Making a floating bed (May to July) • Farming crops and season • Mostly vegetables, both summer and winter • Ball or cushion like structure • Seedling raising Technology Case-1. Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming) Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh

19. Technology Case-1. Floating Gardens (Vegetable Farming) • Growing vegetables • Vegetables growing • People also grow vegetables for own consumption and sell surplus to the market • Income • Women earns 5 USD/Day (May-June) for preparing “Dolla” (small ball shaped structure) • Farmer earns 200 to 2000 USD/season depending on the size of the floating bed Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh

20. Technology Case-2. Saline Tolerant Rice Variety • Adaptation Technology in practice: Coastal Zone • Saline Tolerant Rice Variety • BRRI 28 (mid 1990s to 2008) • BRRI dhan 47 is saline resistant variety • BRRI 47 can resist 8-10 dS/m (moderate level of salinity) • About 5 tons/ha • Duration about 150 days Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh Source:

21. Technology Case 3. Traditional Adaptation Technology • Homestead Vegetable Garden on raised plinth • Most of the farmers now practice vegetable farming Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh

22. Technology Case 3. Traditional Adaptation Technology • Vegetable farming at different level (adapting different degree of salinity) of raised plinth • Traditional practices in coastal areas • Mainly own consumption • Alternate livelihoods option under saline condition Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh

23. Some examples of Adaptation technology in Agriculture in Bangladesh Technology Case 3. Traditional Adaptation Technology • Adaptation technology in practice: Drought Prone Areas • Adjustments in irrigation for both rice and vegetable cultivation • improve irrigation efficiency in water scarcity areas • small water reservoir in the agriculture fields for irrigation Mini ponds supplementary irrigation

24. Adaptation Projects in Agriculture Sector • Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund • Bangladesh Climate Resilience Fund

25. Thank you