PETE 411 Well Drilling

1. PETE 411Well Drilling Lesson 17Casing Design

2. Casing Design Why Run Casing? Types of Casing Strings Classification of Casing Wellheads Burst, Collapse and Tension Example Effect of Axial Tension on Collapse Strength Example

3. Read Applied Drilling Engineering, Ch.7 HW #9 Due 10-18-02

4. Casing Design What is casing? Casing Cement Why run casing? 1. To prevent the hole from caving in 2. Onshore - to prevent contamination of fresh water sands 3. To prevent water migration to producing formation

5. Casing Design - Why run casing, cont’d 4. To confine production to the wellbore 5. To control pressures during drilling 6. To provide an acceptable environment for subsurface equipment in producing wells 7. To enhance the probability of drilling to total depth (TD) e.g., you need 14 ppg to control a lower zone, but an upper zone will fracture at 12 lb/gal. What do you do?

6. Types of Strings of Casing Diameter Example 16”-60” 30” 16”-48” 20” 8 5/8”-20” 13 3/8” 1. Drive pipe or structural pile {Gulf Coast and offshore only} 150’-300’ below mudline. 2. Conductor string. 100’ - 1,600’ (BML) 3. Surface pipe. 2,000’ - 4,000’ (BML)

7. Types of Strings of Casing Diameter Example 7 5/8”-13 3/8” 9 5/8” 4 1/2”-9 5/8” 7” 4. Intermediate String 5. Production String (Csg.) 6. Liner(s) 7. Tubing String(s)

8. Example Hole and String Sizes (in) Hole Size Pipe Size 36” 26” 17 1/2 12 1/4 8 3/4 Structural casing Conductor string Surface pipe IntermediateString Production Liner 30” 20” 13 3/8 9 5/8 7

9. Example Hole and String Sizes (in) Hole Size Pipe Size 36” 26” 17 1/2 12 1/4 8 3/4 Structural casing Conductor string Surface pipe IntermediateString Production Liner 30” 20” 13 3/8 9 5/8 7

10. Example Hole and String Sizes (in) Structural casing Conductor string Surface pipe IntermediateString Production Liner Mudline 250’ 1,000’ 4,000’

11. Classification of CSG. 1. Outside diameter of pipe (e.g. 9 5/8”) 2. Wall thickness (e.g. 1/2”) 3. Grade of material (e.g. N-80) 4. Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API LCSG) 5. Length of each joint (RANGE) (e.g. Range 3) 6. Nominal weight (Avg. wt/ft incl. Wt. Coupling) (e.g. 47 lb/ft)

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13. Length of Casing Joints RANGE 1 16-25 ft RANGE 2 25-34 ft RANGE 3 > 34 ft.

14. Casing Threads and Couplings API round threads - short { CSG } API round thread - long { LCSG } Buttress { BCSG } Extreme line { XCSG } Other … See Halliburton Book...

15. API Design Factors (typical) Required 10,000 psi 100,000 lbf 10,000 psi Design 11,250 psi 180,000 lbf 11,000 psi Collapse 1.125 Tension 1.8 Burst 1.1

16. Abnormal Normal Pore Pressure Abnormal Pore Pressure 0.433 - 0.465 psi/ft gp > normal

17. Design from bottom

18. Press. Gauge X-mas Tree Wing Valve Choke Box Master Valves • Wellhead • Hang Csg. Strings • Provide Seals • Control Production from Well

19. Wellhead

20. Wellhead

21. Tension Casing Design Tension Depth Burst Collapse Burst: Assume full reservoir pressure all along the wellbore. Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth Tension: Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest at top Collapse STRESS Burst

22. Casing Design Collapse(from external pressure) Yield Strength Collapse Plastic Collapse Transition Collapse Elastic Collapse Collapse pressure is affected by axial stress

23. Casing Design - Collapse

24. Casing Design - Tension

25. Casing Design - Burst(from internal pressure) Internal Yield Pressure for pipe Internal Yield Pressure for couplings Internal pressure leak resistance Internal Pressure p p

26. Casing Design - Burst Example 1 Design a 7” Csg. String to 10,000 ft. Pore pressure gradient = 0.5 psi/ft Design factor, Ni=1.1 Design for burst only.

27. Burst Example 1. Calculate probable reservoir pressure. 2. Calculate required pipe internal yield pressure rating

28. Example 3. Select the appropriate csg. grade and wt. from the Halliburton Cementing tables: Burst Pressure required = 5,500 psi 7”, J-55, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 4,980 psi 7”, N-80, 23 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 6,340 psi 7”, N-80, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 7,249 psi Use N-80 Csg., 23 lb/ft

30. 23 lb/ft 26 lb/ft N-80

31. Collapse Pressure The following factors are important: The collapse pressure resistance of a pipe depends on the axial stress There are different types of collapse failure

32. Collapse Pressure There are four different types of collapse pressure, each with its own equation for calculating the collapse resistance: Yield strength collapse Plastic collapse Transition collapse Elastic collapse

33. Casing Design Collapse pressure - with axial stress 1. YPA= yield strength of axial stress equivalent grade, psi YP= minimum yield strength of pipe, psi SA= Axial stress, psi (tension is positive)

34. Casing Design - Collapse Yield Strength Collapse : Plastic Collapse: 2. Calculate D/t to determine proper equation to use for calculating the collapse pressure

35. Casing Design - Collapse, cont’d Transition Collapse: Elastic Collapse:

36. Casing Design - Collapse If Axial Tension is Zero: Yield Strength Plastic Transition Elastic J-55 14.81 25.01 37.31 N-80 13.38 22.47 31.02 P-110 12.44 20.41 26.22

37. Example 2 Determine the collapse strength of 5 1/2” O.D., 14.00 #/ft J-55 casing under zero axial load. 1. Calculate the D/t ratio:

38. Example 2 2. Check the mode of collapse Table on p.35 (above) shows that, for J-55 pipe, with 14.81 < D/t < 25.01 the mode of failure is plastic collapse.

39. Example 2 The plastic collapse is calculated from: Halliburton Tables rounds off to 3,120 psi

40. Example 3 Determine the collapse strength for a 5 1/2” O.D., 14.00 #/ft, J-55 casing under axial load of 100,000 lbs The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure as follows:

41. Example 3 cont’d The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure rating to: Here the axial load decreased the J-55 rating to an equivalent “J-38.2” rating

42. Example 3 - cont’d …compared to 3,117 psi with no axial stress!