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OSI Layer Protocol

Explore popular data-link layer protocols including Ethernet, Token Ring, SLIP, and PPP. Learn about their functionalities, addressing mechanisms, and network applications.

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OSI Layer Protocol

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  1. OSI Layer Protocol

  2. Ethernet Token Ring SLIP And PPP DATA-LINK LAYER PROTOCOL

  3. Ethernet protocol was developed in the 1970s Ethernet networks run at speeds of 10, 100, and 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps) It has two type IEEE 802.3 DIX Ethernet Ethernet standards consist of the following three basic components: Physical layer specifications Frame format Media access control (MAC) mechanism Ethertnet

  4. The Destination Address and Source Address fields use the 6-byte hardware addresses coded into network interface adapters to identify systems on the network. Every network interface adapter has a unique hardware address (also called a MAC address), which consists of a 3-byte value called an organizationally unique identifier (OUI), which is assigned to the adapter's manufacturer by the IEEE, plus another 3-byte value assigned by the manufacturer itself. Ethernet Addressing

  5. Token Ring is far less commonly used than Ethernet, and one of the major reasons is the price of Token Ring hardware, which is substantially higher than that of Ethernet. Token Ring multistation access units (MAUs) are considerably more complex than Ethernet hubs The MAC mechanism of a Token Ring LAN, called token passing. Token passing works by circulating a special packet called a token around the network. Token Ring

  6. The token is only 3 bytes long and contains no useful data. Its only purpose is to designate which system on the network is allowed to transmit its data. Cont..

  7. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) SLIP is a simple protocol that enables two systems connected through their serial ports to exchange messages with very little control overhead. PPP is a more complicated end-to-end protocol that enables two systems to negotiate the use of optional features such as authentication protocols and multiple network layer protocols SLIP And PPP

  8. IP(Internet Protocol) IPX(Internetwork Packet Exchange) NetBEUI NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOL

  9. IP is a connectionless protocol in the TCP/IP suite that is used to carry information generated by several other protocols in units called datagrams. The primary functions of IP are data encapsulation, packet addressing, packet routing, datagram fragmentation, and transport layer protocol identification. IP has its own addressing system that it uses to identify networks and the hosts on those networks. IP routes packets by repackaging them to use different data-link layer frames. IP (Internet Protocol )

  10. When data-link layer protocols have different maximum transfer units (MTUs), IP can split datagrams into smaller fragments to facilitate transmission Cont..

  11. IPX is the NetWare equivalent to IP. To identify systems, IPX uses the hardware addresses coded into network interface adapters. To identify networks, IPX uses network addresses assigned during the NetWare installation. IPX uses socket numbers to identify the processes that generate datagrams. IPX

  12. NetBEUI is a network layer protocol used by small Windows networks for LAN networking services. NetBEUI differs from IP and IPX primarily in that it has no network identifiers and is therefore not routable. The NetBEUI frame provides transport services for four protocols: the Name Management Protocol (NMP), the Session Management Protocol (SMP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the Diagnostic and Monitoring Protocol (DMP). NetBEUI

  13. TCP and UDP SPX and NCP Transport Layer Protocol

  14. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides services such as packet acknowledgment, flow control, error detection and correction, and segmentation. Establishing a TCP connection between two systems requires a three-way handshake, during which each computer supplies the other with the sequence number it will assign to its messages, plus its maximum segment size. To transmit large amounts of data over a TCP connection, a system divides a byte stream into multiple segments, each of which is transmitted in a separate message. TCP and UDP

  15. The system receiving the data segments acknowledges them with occasional messages used for that purpose. Unacknowledged messages are eventually retransmitted. Acknowledgment messages inform the other system how much data it can transmit. This is called flow control. TCP messages contain a checksum that the receiving system uses to detect transmission errors. Closing a TCP connection requires the systems to exchange termination (FIN) messages and acknowledgments. Cont..

  16. UDP is a connectionless protocol that provides error detection through checksums, but it provides none of the other services found in TCP. Cont..

  17. SPX is NetWare's connection-oriented protocol, which includes most of the same features as TCP, but is used far less often than NCP. NCP is the transport layer protocol most often used by NetWare systems, because it supports a great many functions, including client/server file sharing and NDS communications. SPX and NCP

  18. The TCP/IP protocols were developed in the 1970s specifically for use on a packet-switching network built by the United States Department of Defense. Their network was then known as the ARPANET but is now the Internet. The TCP/IP protocols have also been associated with the UNIX operating systems since early in their inception. Thus, these protocols pre-date the personal computer, the OSI reference model, the Ethernet protocol, and most other elements that today are considered the foundations of computer networking. TCP/IP protocols

  19. Unlike the other protocols that perform some of the same functions, such as Novell's Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), TCP/IP was never the product of a single company, but rather has been a collaborative effort from the very beginning. Cont..

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