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NEITHER IMMIGRANT NOR WHITE: AFRICAN-AMERICAN CLAIMS-MAKING AND THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882. “Negroization of the Chinese” Definitions of Labor Tingley Bill 1852 Foreign Miners’ Tax 1852. DRED SCOTT v. SANFORD 1857. African-Americans are Not Citizens
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NEITHER IMMIGRANT NOR WHITE:AFRICAN-AMERICAN CLAIMS-MAKING AND THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882
“Negroization of the Chinese” • Definitions of Labor • Tingley Bill 1852 • Foreign Miners’ Tax 1852
DRED SCOTT v. SANFORD 1857 • African-Americans are Not Citizens • Slavery can exist wherever slaves are brought as property • Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional • Citizenship is reserved for white men “(The Negro) has no rights which the white man [was] bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery.” Roger B. Taney 1857
Chinese Workers on the Transcontinental Railroad, Oregon, c. 1880
13th Amendment: End to Involuntary Servitude 14th Amendment: Citizenship 15th Amendment: Voting “Jus Soli”: Those born on American Soil are American
1868 Burlingame Treaty Free Trade between U.S. and China Chinese Can migrate to U.S.; Americans Can migrate to China Chinese CANNOT be naturalized in U.S.
1848 – 1882: 300,000 Chinese immigrated to U.S. 1851: 2,761 Chinese residents; 2500 in CA 1871: 63,000 Chinese residents; 62,000 in CA 1860 – 1900: Over 1.9 million Irish immigrated to U.S. 1860 – 1900: Over 1.5 million Germans immigrated to U.S. Workingman’s Party: “The Chinese Must Go!” – Dennis Kearney
“They are with us! The “Celestials” – with almond eyes, pigtails, rare Industry, quick adaptation, high morality, and all.” Boston Commonwealth, 1870
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • Exclusion of Chinese from the U.S. under penalty of deportation • Certifications Required for Re-Entry • 1892 Geary Act: Renewed Act for 10 years • 1902 Renewal of Chinese Exclusion Act Indefinitely