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2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems

2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems. ECOLOGY. The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect an organism. ABIOTIC FACTOR = non-living factors in an environment. BIOTIC FACTORS = living factors in an environment.

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2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems

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  1. 2.1.1-2.1.5 Ecosystems

  2. ECOLOGY The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

  3. ENVIRONMENT = all the factors that affect an organism. ABIOTIC FACTOR = non-living factors in an environment. BIOTIC FACTORS = living factors in an environment.

  4. Buckminster Fuller on the Environment “Environment to each must be All there is, that isn't me. Universe in turn must be All that isn't me AND ME.”

  5. HABITAT = place where an organism or population of organisms live. NICHE = all of the ways that the organism interacts with everything else in the ecosystem-the role or job of a species in an ecosystem.

  6. Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms

  7. ECOSYSTEM includes all the biotic & abiotic factors in an environment.

  8. FOOD CHAIN = used to show how matter & energy move through an ecosystem.

  9. FOOD WEB = shows all the possible food chains in an ecosystem

  10. Each organism in food chain represents a “feeding” or TROPHIC LEVEL 3rd Trophic Level 2o or 3o consumer 2nd Trophic Level 1o or 2o consumer 1st Trophic Level producers decomposers

  11. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS • Are graphical models of the quantitative differences that exist between the trophic levels of a single ecosystem. • In accordance to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for numbers and quantities to biomass and energy to decrease along food chains, therefore the pyramids become narrower toward the top.

  12. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages found at each trophic level. Units vary

  13. Grassland (summer) Temperate Forest (summer) Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers A few large producers (the trees) support a much larger number of Small primary consumers (insects) that feed on the trees.

  14. PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the standing stock at each trophic level. Units: J m-2 or g m-2

  15. Abandoned Field Ocean Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers (zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their population is never very large.

  16. PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents the flow of energy through each trophic level. Units: J m-2 yr-1 or g m-2 yr-1

  17. As you move up each trophic level, only 10% of the energy is transferred. • The other 90% is used for everyday life functions, metabolism.

  18. 10 J m-2 yr-1 100 J m-2 yr-1 1,000 J m-2 yr-1 producers 10,000 J m-2 yr-1

  19. Pyramid structure affects the functioning of an ecosystem. Bioaccumulation

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