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Human pathogens

Human pathogens. Mortality in men (WHO –2002). 32% due to infectious and parasitic disease HIV 15% Diarrhoea 10% TB 9% DTP Polio Measles 6% 2% in European region HIV 18% Diarrhoea 8% TB 35% DTP Polio Measles 3%. meet the pathogens. Yersinia pestis.

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Human pathogens

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  1. Human pathogens

  2. Mortality in men (WHO –2002) • 32% due to infectious and parasitic disease • HIV 15% • Diarrhoea 10% • TB 9% • DTP Polio Measles 6% • 2% in European region • HIV 18% • Diarrhoea 8% • TB 35% • DTP Polio Measles 3%

  3. meet the pathogens...

  4. Yersinia pestis peculiarly virulent -host death promotes flea dispersal has caused 200 million human deaths blocks flea midgut inhibits inflammatory response in mice Yersinia pseudotuberculosis "enteric lifestyle" wide host range but narrow tissue range survives in environment causes gastroenteritis in humans

  5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  6. Helicobacter pylori

  7. Maori Capetown A European Capetown B

  8. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

  9. Some miscelleneous thoughts about pathogens...

  10. they can be quite ingenious in their transmission mechanisms

  11. Dicrocoelium dendriticum

  12. They can evolve rapidly (and generally to intermediate virulence)..

  13. Others cause symptoms that are paradoxical Neisseria meningitis

  14. Summary about myself • MEng in Electronic and Information Engineering, University of Cambridge • Life Sciences Interface, Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford

  15. Samples • We do not have a sequenced ST-213 reference genome • 8 pools sequenced simultaneously • 42 Oxford carriage strains divided into 4 pools (pools 1&2 1998/99; pools 3&4 2000/01) • 67 Great Britain disease strains divided into 4 pools (pools 5&6 1998/99; pools 7&8 2000/01) • A serogroup C vaccine was introduced between these dates • Strains unlabelled within pools

  16. Solexa quality score Solexa sequencing • DNA sequencing with Solexa technology • 1 billion bases of DNA per run • Typical read lengths 30-50bp • ~2.5million reads per pool (30× coverage) • Quality score • Differential amplification? • Example reads from pool 1:

  17. The body has an elaborate set of mechanisms that allow it to control infections caused by most organisms found in the environment

  18. Pathogens often evolve in response to herd immunity

  19. Eukaryotic pathogens typically have multiple hosts in their lifecycle Plasmodium vivax Schistosoma mansoni

  20. Virulent host specific lineages often arise multiple times from the a single cosmopolitan species

  21. Virulent lineages are often recent in origin and show substantial genome rearrangement and degradation

  22. Pathogens have their own pathogens T4 bacteriophage "So, Nat'ralist observe, a Flea Hath smaller Fleas that on him prey, And these have smaller Fleas to bite 'em, And so proceed ad infinitum." 

  23. Lytic phage

  24. Lysogenenic phage

  25. A little bit about pathogen dynamics

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