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ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS. Hydrologic Cycle. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html. Hydropower to Electric Power. Electrical Energy. Potential Energy. Electricity. Kinetic Energy. Mechanical Energy. Major Hydropower Producers. Example Hoover Dam (US).

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ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

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  1. ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS

  2. Hydrologic Cycle http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html

  3. Hydropower to Electric Power ElectricalEnergy PotentialEnergy Electricity KineticEnergy Mechanical Energy

  4. Major Hydropower Producers

  5. ExampleHoover Dam (US) http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

  6. Guri Dam (Venezuela) http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml

  7. Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay) “Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org

  8. Grand Coulee Dam (US) www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html

  9. Terminology (Jargon) • Head • Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. • The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head • Dams: three categories • high-head (800 or more feet) • medium-head (100 to 800 feet) • low-head (less than 100 feet) • Power is proportional to the product of head x flow http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

  10. Scale of Hydropower Projects • Large-hydro • More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid • Medium-hydro • 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid • Small-hydro • 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid • Mini-hydro • Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW • Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid • Micro-hydro • From 5kW up to 100 kW • Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. • Pico-hydro • From a few hundred watts up to 5kW • Remote areas away from the grid. www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf

  11. Types of Hydroelectric Installation Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  12. Meeting Peak Demands • Hydroelectric plants: • Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly • Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. • Save millions of barrels of oil

  13. Meeting Peak Demands • Hydroelectric plants: • Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly • Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. • Save millions of barrels of oil

  14. Conventional Impoundment Dam http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

  15. Pumped Storage Schematic

  16. ExampleCabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado) • Completed 1967 • Capacity – 324 MW • Two 162 MW units • Purpose – energy storage • Water pumped uphill at night • Low usage – excess base load capacity • Water flows downhill during day/peak periods • Helps Xcel to meet surge demand • E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days • Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%

  17. Turbine Design Francis TurbineKaplan TurbinePelton TurbineTurgo TurbineNew Designs

  18. Types of Hydropower Turbines Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  19. Classification of Hydro Turbines • Reaction Turbines • Derive power from pressure drop across turbine • Totally immersed in water • Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power • Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines • Impulse Turbines • Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets • No pressure drop across turbines • Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

  20. Schematic of Francis Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  21. Francis Turbine Cross-Section Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  22. Small Francis Turbine & Generator "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

  23. Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee Dam "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

  24. Fixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

  25. Kaplan Turbine Schematic "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

  26. Kaplan Turbine Cross Section "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com

  27. Suspended Power, Sheeler, 1939

  28. Pelton Wheel Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  29. Turgo Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  30. Kaplan Francis Pelton Turgo 2 < H < 40   10 < H < 350 50 < H < 1300 50 < H < 250 (H = head in meters) Turbine Design Ranges Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  31. Hydropower Calculations • P = power in kilowatts (kW) • g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) •  = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1) • Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec) • H = effective head (m) Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  32. Example 1a Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ)per minute. How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume plant efficiency () of 83%. • H = 25 m • Q = 600 ℓ/min× 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60secQ = 0.01 m3/sec •  = 0.83 • P 10QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075P 2.1 kW Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  33. Example 1b How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each year? • E = P×tE= 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yrE= 18,396 kWh annually About how many people will this energy support (assume approximately 3,000 kWh / person)? • People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13 • About 6 people Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  34. Example 2 Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second (about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions. • P 10QH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100)P 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts) • E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yrE= 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours) • People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWhPeople = 1.45 million people • (This assumes maximum power production 24x7) Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  35. Example 2 Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second (about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions. • P 10QH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100)P 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts) • E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yrE= 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours) • People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWhPeople = 1.45 million people • (This assumes maximum power production 24x7) Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  36. Example 2 Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second (about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions. • P 10QH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100)P 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts) • E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yrE= 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours) • People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWhPeople = 1.45 million people • (This assumes maximum power production 24x7) Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  37. Production Expense Comparison Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

  38. Capital Costs of Several Hydro Plants Note that these are for countries where costs are bound to be lower than for fully industrialized countries Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

  39. Hydropower – Pros and Cons

  40. Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee

  41. Historically… • Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and Switzerland in the 1890's. • By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-generators were available • Adjustable speed machines now used to improve efficiency • Pumped hydro is availableat almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days. • Efficiency = 70 – 85% http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm

  42. Historically… • Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and Switzerland in the 1890's. • By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-generators were available • Adjustable speed machines now used to improve efficiency • Pumped hydro is availableat almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days. • Efficiency = 70 – 85% http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm

  43. Historically… • Pumped hydro was first used in Italy and Switzerland in the 1890's. • By 1933 reversible pump-turbines with motor-generators were available • Adjustable speed machines now used to improve efficiency • Pumped hydro is availableat almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days. • Efficiency = 70 – 85% http://www.electricitystorage.org/tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm

  44. Small Horizontal Francis Turbine

  45. Francis and Turgo Turbine Wheels

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