What you should know for the Unit A Exam

1. What you should know for the Unit A Exam

2. 50 multiple choice • 2 short answer

3. Adapted exams • 34 multiple choice

4. What you should review • Definition of biotic and abiotic, and examples of both. • Abiotic: non-living components of an ecosystem • Air, water, rocks, soil, etc. • Biotic: living components of an ecosystem • Plants, animals, insects, etc.

5. Know the difference between diversity among and between species. • Diversity within ecosystems: difference between a population and community. • Diversity within Species: genetic diversity is variation within a species.

6. Classifying Biological Diversity • The system of classifying organisms named after Carolus Linnaeus, is ordered from general classification to the very specific. • Know the order of classification: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. • Specific species are classified according to how similar they are in _______________?

7. Know where the richest and most diverse collections of species can be found. • Where? • Reread page 15 if you are not sure.

8. Know the 3 types of symbiosis • Symbiosis is a type of interdependence. • Commensalism? • Mutualism? • Parasitism?

9. What is a niche? What does it include?

10. Variation within a species • Can be positive or negative… can help or hurt a species’ adaptation to a change in the environment. • Think of/compare the banded snail, and the giant panda. • A species is more likely to survive when there is (how much) variation?

11. Read your printed review package • Or else why did I print it? • Question 11 on the exam is a bonus (only on non-adapted exams 50 quesitons)… because I forgot to give that example in class  I think you can figure it out. • Review specific examples used in class, like cliff sparrow and how they relate to natural selection (page 24 in text).

12. Inherited traits or characteristics • Are ones that are passed from generation to generation. • Review the difference between discrete and continuous variation. • Which one is either/or • Which one describes a “range” of characteristics or traits?

13. Pick the BEST answer when 2 answers seem to fit. • Remember… variations caused by the environment ARE NOT heritable. • Think of the plant grown in dim light example. An offspring would only be similar to a its parent grown in dim light if….?

14. Asexual and Sexual reproduction • Asexual… 2 of these are on the exam • Binary Fission: one-celled organism (bacteria & some amoebas and algae) • Budding: animals such as a hydra & yeast • Spore Production: many fungi, green algae & some molds, non-flowering plants such as ferns. • Vegetative Reproduction: cuttings, runners, tubers, bulbs, suckers.

15. Know the difference between • Zygote: cell created by joining of 2 gametes • Embryos: multicellular life form that results after continued cell division (after cleavage). • Gametes: male (sperm) and female (egg/ova) specialized sex cells.

16. In plants: difference between cross-pollination and cross-fertilization • Cross-pollination: when the pollen of one plant is carried to the stigma of another by wind, water, or animals. • Cross-fertilization: when a grain of this pollen produces a long tube that eventually grows down the style into the ovary that contains the ovules; a gamete in the pollen grains and a gamete in the ovule join and, as in animals, a zygote is formed. This is when one plant fertilizes another plant.

17. So… according to the last slide • The sex cells of the flower are?

18. You will be asked for examples of… • Some plants and animals that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. • Pages 35 & 36 of your text, or in your review package if you forget.

19. There are repeats from 3.0 quiz • What is the genetic code? The arrangement of the 4 chemical letters into “words” or instructions… how traits/characteristics are passed along between parents and offspring. • What is the “double helix”? • Know what A, T, G & C stand for (page 41 in text or in review package).

20. Know the difference between… • Genes: single, uninterrupted segments of DNA which contain coded instructions. • Chromosomes: DNA that has been arranged into packages. • Alleles: possible forms of genes; most genes in most species exist in an array of possible forms that differ as to their exact DNA sequence.

21. Mitosis and Meiosis will be on again • Page 46 & Chart page 47 in text.

22. How do humans affect Biodiversity? • Know strategies to preserve important habitats. • Difference between In-situ conservation (maintenance of wild organisms in their functioning ecosystems allowing the ecological processes of an are to continue undisturbed) and Ex-situ (conservation of components of biological diversity outside of a natural habitat) • Difference between nature preserves and national parks & wild animal farms and animal shelters.

23. Know… • Specific examples of extinction and extirpation that we discussed in class.

24. Artificial vs Natural Selection • In one the environment selects for successful traits/characteristics, and the other humans. • Biotechnology- notes are online and we will cover tomorrow… otherwise, page 67 in text. Know definition of cloning… single cell of an organism is used to reproduce an identical organism in the lab. • Know risks of biotechnology- notes online and we will cover tomorrow… otherwise page 69 in text. • What do you think risks are in animals?

25. Genetic Engineering • Remember… genetic engineering has allowed scientists to directly alter the DNA of an organism. • Many genetic engineering techniques involve inserting a gene from one species into another. • Scientists can insert disease resistant genes, or even genes for nutrition, such as inserting vitamin A into certain rice strains.

26. Species at Risk • In Canada, there is an organization that attempts to prevent species in Canada from becoming extinct as a consequence of human activity. • This organization is called Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) • The Endangered Species Conservation Committee (ESCC) was created by the federal government under the Wildlife Act of 1998 to study and determine species at risk in Alberta. • What are groups/organizations that try and affect policy outside of governments called?

27. Short Answer Questions: • In a short paragraph, summarize how variety among species and within species contributes to a species survival and increases biological diversity on Earth (5 marks). • As a society, how should we make decisions about the uses of technology such as genetic engineering and cloning? (3 marks)