C H A P T E R

1. QUIT 6 C H A P T E R Launching the New Nation CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE Washington Heads the New Government 1 SECTION Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation 2 SECTION Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course 3 SECTION MAP The War of 1812 4 SECTION VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 6 C H A P T E R Launching the New Nation To describe major domestic and foreign problems faced by the leaders of the new Republic such as maintaining national security and creating a stable economic system of government

3. HOME 6 C H A P T E R Launching the New Nation I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y You are a teacher in a small town on the western frontier in 1789. You ask your students what the new government means to them. A girl whose parents own the general store says that her father worries about taxes. Her brother says that he wants to join the army. A boy from a small farm in the backcountry replies that the government is only for town people. How can a government truly represent all of its citizens? Examine the Issues • How can a government win people’s trust? • How can a government build a unified nation out of a people with diverse interests and concerns?

4. TIME LINE 1789George Washington is elected president. 1789The French Revolution begins. HOME 6 C H A P T E R Launching the New Nation The United States The World 1791Slaves revolt in Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti. 1792George Washington is reelected president. 1793French King Louis XVI is executed in the French Revolution. 1794The Whiskey Rebellion breaks out. 1796John Adams is elected president. 1799Napoleon Bonaparte seizes control of the French government. 1800Thomas Jefferson is elected president. 1801Act of Union, uniting Great Britain and Ireland, goes into effect. continued . . .

5. TIME LINE HOME 6 C H A P T E R Launching the New Nation The United States The World 1803France and the United States sign the Louisiana Purchase. Thomas Jefferson is reelected president. 1804Haiti declares itself independent from France. 1807Great Britain outlaws the slave trade. 1808James Madison is elected president. 1812James Madison is reelected. 1814The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812. 1815Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo. 1816James Monroe is elected president.

6. 1 S E C T I O N Washington Heads the New Government HOME KEY IDEA President Washington transformed the ideas of the Constitution into a real government. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N Washington Heads the New Government •Judiciary Act of 1789 •Alexander Hamilton •two-party system •Cabinet •excise tax •protective tariff •Bank of the United States •Democratic-Republicans HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Cabinet, an institution Washington created, is still a key element of every presidential administration. President Washington transformed the ideas of the Constitution into a real government. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

8. 1 S E C T I O N Washington Heads the New Government ASSESSMENT Federalists Democratic-Republicans HOME 1. List the leaders, beliefs, and goals of the country’s first two political parties. Federalists like Hamilton supported commerce and industry, strong central government, the educated upper class, loose interpretation of the Constitution, and a national bank. Democratic-Republicans like Jefferson supported agriculture, weak central government, the common people, strict interpretation of the Constitution, and opposed a national bank. continued . . .

9. ASSESSMENT HOME 1 S E C T I O N Washington Heads the New Government 2. How would you judge President Washington’s decision to put two such opposed thinkers as Hamilton and Jefferson in his cabinet?Think About: •both men’s merits •their philosophies •the conflicts that developed ANSWER Pro: Washington was a strong, confident leader with the ability to choose brilliant advisors and listen to both sides of an issue. Con: Conflicting advisors divided the Cabinet and undermined Washington’s leadership. continued . . .

10. 1 S E C T I O N ASSESSMENT HOME Washington Heads the New Government 3. How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for the federal government to demonstrate its authority? ANSWER The government’s response to the rebellion demonstrated its ability to enforce federal law, even on the frontier where the rebellion occurred. continued . . .

11. ASSESSMENT HOME 1 S E C T I O N Washington Heads the New Government 4. Would you have supported Hamilton’s economic plan? Explain why or why not. Think About: •the money problems the nation faced •other problems the nation faced ANSWER Pro: Hamilton proposed a national bank that would consolidate debts and assume the states’ debts. Con: Hamilton was biased in favor of the rich and the Northern states. End of Section 1

12. 2 S E C T I O N Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation HOME KEY IDEA Events in Europe sharply divided American public opinion in the late 18th century. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

13. 2 S E C T I O N Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation •sectionalism •XYZ Affair •Edmond Genêt •John Jay •neutrality •Little Turtle •Alien and Sedition Acts •Thomas Pinckney •nullification HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Events in Europe sharply divided American public opinion in the late 18th century. Foreign policy remains a key element of every presidential administration. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

14. 2 S E C T I O N Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation ASSESSMENT Dispute: Dispute: Dispute: HOME 1. List some of the disputes mentioned in this section. Indicate the dispute and summarize each side’s arguments. U.S. Attitudes Towards French Revolution Pro: historic ties, struggle against tyranny Con: Reign of Terror, against another war with England Jay’s Treaty Pro: British leave Northwest Territory posts. Con: British continue fur trade in U.S. territory. British seize American ships. War with France Pro: France seizes American ships. Con: Adams refuses war, finds diplomatic solution. continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Do you agree with the Democratic–Republicans that the Alien and Sedition Acts were a violation of the First Amendment? Were they necessary? Think About: •the intent of the First Amendment •what was happening in Europe •what was happening in America ANSWER Agree: Acts violate freedom of speech, specifically a citizen’s right to criticize the policies of John Adams’s Federalist administration. Disagree: Young government needs to protect itself from Democratic–Republicans sowing discontent. continued . . .

16. 2 S E C T I O N Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Should the United States have officially supported the French revolutionaries against the British? Think About: •Federalist and Republican attitudes toward France and Great Britain •the Reign of Terror •U.S. gratitude to France for its support against Britain ANSWER Yes: Americans owed France a favor in exchange for support during the American Revolution; Treaty of 1778 between France and the United States. No: Reign of Terror; beheading of Louis XVI; Edmond Genêt incident End of Section 2

17. 3 S E C T I O N Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course HOME MAP KEY IDEA The United States expanded its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

18. 3 S E C T I O N Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course •Lewis and Clark •midnight judges •judicial review •Sacajawea •Aaron Burr •John Marshall •Judiciary Act of 1801 •Marbury v. Madison •Louisiana Purchase HOME MAP OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The United States expanded its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration. Part or all of 15 states now occupy the territory Jefferson acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

19. 3 S E C T I O N Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course ASSESSMENT Event Significance HOME MAP 1. List the major accomplishments of Jefferson’s presidency and the significance of each. Simplified the presidency Introduced Democratic–Republican principles Louisiana Purchase Expanded size of the U.S. Louise and Clark expedition Increased knowledge of the West continued . . .

20. 3 S E C T I O N Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 2. How did the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition affect the expansion of the United States? ANSWER With the Purchase, the country received a great deal of land. The expedition provided valuable information about the new territory that would help settlers survive there. continued . . .

21. 3 S E C T I O N Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 3. Why was Marbury v. Madison such an important case? Think About: •Judge Marshall’s decision •its effects on the future ANSWER It affirmed the principle of judicial review. The Supreme Court could declare a law—such as the Judiciary Act of 1789—unconstitutional and thus be an effective check on the legislative branch. End of Section 3

22. 4 S E C T I O N The War of 1812 HOME KEY IDEA War broke out again between the United States and Britain in 1812. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

23. 4 S E C T I O N The War of 1812 •impressment •Tecumseh •armistice •blockade •embargo •war hawk •Treaty of Ghent •Andrew Jackson •William Henry Harrison HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW War broke out again between the United States and Britain in 1812. The War of 1812 confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

24. 4 S E C T I O N The War of 1812 ASSESSMENT War HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the reasons why the war hawks wanted war with Great Britain. British seizure of American ships and impressment of American citizens British Canadian supply of arms to Native Americans Chesapeakeincident continued . . .

25. 4 S E C T I O N The War of 1812 ASSESSMENT HOME 2. What was the most important achievement of the U.S. in this period? Think About: •relations between the U.S. and Britain •the results of the war ANSWER The War of 1812 confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism. continued . . .

26. 4 S E C T I O N The War of 1812 ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Even though it was fought after an armistice had been signed, why was the Battle of New Orleans an important victory for the Americans? ANSWER By defeating a force that was superior to the U.S. in size and strength, Jackson demonstrated that America was a powerful military force. continued . . .

27. 4 S E C T I O N The War of 1812 ASSESSMENT HOME 4. Do you think that Tecumseh’s confederacy helped or hurt the cause of Native Americans? Think About: •the loss of Native American lands •the reluctance of certain tribes to join the confederacy •Tecumseh’s role in the War of 1812 ANSWER Helped: The confederacy formed a united front against the growing numbers of settlers moving into Native American territory. Hurt: Because some of the tribes refused to join, the confederacy exposed internal weaknesses among the Native Americans. End of Section 4