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12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

Explore the Mongol conquests of the 12th and 13th centuries, from Genghis Khan's ruthless rise to the Pax Mongolica era, shaping Eurasian history. Learn about the geography of the steppe and the nomadic way of life, the rise and strategies of the Mongols, and the lasting impact of Mongol rule. Discover the diverse khanates and the Pax Mongolica era of stability and cultural exchange. Prepare for your quiz on Mongol history with key terms and events outlined.

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12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

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  1. 12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

  2. Geography of the Steppe • Eastern section (Mongolia) – home of the Huns, Turks, & the Mongols • Short grasses & little rain • Dramatic temperature changes • Movements west & south = milder climate & more rainfall

  3. Nomads • Pastoralists = Nomads that herd domesticated animals • Follow seasonal pattern of movement = battle over grassland & water • Depend on animals for everything • Travel together, forming clans • Raid & plunder other clans or weakened/divided empires

  4. Rise of the Mongols • 1206: Mongols united by Temujin; takes title of Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”) • Ruthless campaigns across Asia • Slaughters those who don’t surrender • Destroys Cities (ex. Samarkand) • Gains vast riches = plunder • 1225: Central Asia under Mongol rule

  5. The Conqueror • Brilliant Organizer • Small, mobile armies of 10k w/ leaders being most experienced & loyal • Great Strategist • Feint-&-Attack – Fall back & spring the trap • Siege warfare = launch diseased cows into cities • Cruel • Threatened to kill an entire cities if they didn’t surrender = causes many to surrender w/o a fight • Dies in 1227 from illness

  6. Genghis Khan’s Empire

  7. Empire • X<50yrs: Control lands stretching from China to Poland = largest unified land empire in history • Even defeat China, invade Korea, & conquer Persia • Divide empire into 4 regions or khanates, each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan • Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) • Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) • Ilkhanate (Persia) • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

  8. Mongol Rule • Many areas never recover: • Populations wiped out • Irrigation destroyed • Ferocious in war, tolerant in peace • Allow peoples to keep culture & beliefs; even adopt aspects as well • Ex: Golden Horde & Ilkhanate become Muslim • Cultural differences b/w khanates leads to splitting of the empire (eventual)

  9. Pax Mongolica • Mid-1200s – Mid-1300s – Stability reigns across Mongol lands = PaxMongolica • “Mongolian Peace” • Guarantee safe passage across empire for travelers & trade • Ideas & inventions flow east & west • Ex. Gunpowder • Bad: Bubonic plague spread west b/c of Mongols

  10. Quiz Tomorrow • Section 1 • Tang Taizong • Wu Zhao • Movable Type • Gentry • Section 2 • Pastoralist • Clan • Genghis Kahn • Pax Mongolica • The chronological order of Chinese dynasties was • The fall of the Tang Dynasty was caused in great part by • Historically, peoples have tended to move west and south across the steppe mainly for reasons having to do with • Membership in a Mongol clan was determined by the members' claim of a common • Immediately following the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was

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