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Attention

Attention. What is attention? How does attention work? Why do we need less attention for some tasks? Why don’t we always notice things?. Defining Attention. James: “the footlight of consciousness” Location-based precueing (Posner et al.,1980) Object-based

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Attention

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  1. Attention • What is attention? • How does attention work? • Why do we need less attention for some tasks? • Why don’t we always notice things?

  2. Defining Attention • James: “the footlight of consciousness” • Location-based • precueing (Posner et al.,1980) • Object-based • unilateral neglect, even as object rotated to other visual field (Tipper & Behrmann,1996)

  3. Broadbent’s Filter Theory: Where is the Filter? Pattern Recognition Response Selection Sensory Input Physical Filter

  4. Treisman’s Attenuation Theory • Filter attenuates irrelevant information. • Explains how unattended information can get through. • Cocktail-party phenomenon

  5. Treisman’s Attenuation Theory Response Selection Dictionary Unit Sensory Input Attenuator

  6. MacKay: Late Selection Pattern Recognition Response Selection Sensory Input Meaning Filter

  7. Where is Selection? • Ability to switch ears in dichotic listening based on meaning (Gray & Wedderburn,1960) • Biasing word presented to unattended ear affects interpretation of ambiguous sentence (MacKay,1973) • Task load (Lavie,1995) • High load: early selection • Low load: late selection

  8. Automatic and Controlled Processing • automatic processing • requires little or no attention • involuntary • unconscious • controlled processing • requires attention • voluntary • conscious

  9. Change Blindness • Attention is a limited resource • Some information is processed without attention (Li et al.,2002) • Changes in details are often missed due to inattention (Levin & Simons,1997)

  10. Evolutionary Psychology • How is attention adaptive? • Why is it limited? • Why is it both location-based and object-based?

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