Chapter 3: “From Hunters and Gathers to Farmers”: Reading Notes I. Introduction

1. Chapter 3: “From Hunters and Gathers to Farmers”: Reading Notes I. Introduction A. The Stone Age gets its name from tools people made from stone. 1. It began around around 2 million years ago. 2. It ended around 3,000 B. C. E. 3. It ended because when people learned how to make tools and weapons out of metal. B. Historians divided the Stone Age into periods 1. Paleolithic Age, which means Old Stone Age A. People got their food by hunting wild animals and gathering nuts, berries, and other plants. B. They lived Much of their lives outside in the open and moved around a lot. 2. Neolithic Age, which means New Stone Age A. Around 8,000 B.C.E. some people learned how to raise animals and crops for food. B. For the first time, people settled down to live in one place. Predicting Question: 1. EXAMPLE:Why do you think early humans went from hunters and gathers to farmers during this period of time? When people found a steady food source like berries and plants they could eat and found that animals could be keep safely to get food, they realized they could stay in one place and not have to move around. This made life easier for them

2. II. From Old Stone Age to New Stone Age A. The Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) 1. It began around 2 million years ago and lasted until about 8,000 B.C.E. 2. During this timeearly modern humans developed. 3. The early humans were hunter-gathers. A. This means they wandered from place to place, looking for animals to hunt and plants to gather for food. B. The New Stone Age (Neolithic Age) 1. It began when people learned to farm and produce their own food. It was around 8,000 B.C.E. 2. The discovery of farming did not happen all at once. A. Over thousands of years, people gradually (slowly) learned to raise animals and plants crops. 3. The reliance on farms for food allowed people to settle down in one place instead of moving around to find food 4. It ended around 3,000 B.C.E. when people learned to make tools out of metal instead of stone 5. Many Neolithic settlements were located east of the Mediterrean Sea. 1. They settled here because the land was fertile, which means good for growing crops. 2. Some settlements are: Jericho, Catal Hoyuk, and Jarmo. Summarizing Question: 1. How did living in settlements change the lives of early humans? Your answer should include: * people were able to build permanent homes and form larger communities * They could make better tools and clothing * They could trade with people in other communities for resources they didn't have * Life was safer, more comfortable, and more interesting.

3. III. Creating a Stable Food Supply A. Paleolithic Age, people obtained food by hunting animals and gathering plants. 1. The problem was hunting and gathering was not a very stable or dependable way to get food. Wild plants and animals could be come scarce if people stayed in one place too long. Hunting was dangerous, hunters could be injured or killed. B. Domesticate 1. Definition: means to train a wild animal to be useful to humans 2. For meat they raised sheep, goats, and cattle. 3. For milk they raised goats and cattle. 4. To help carry heavy loads and work the fields they used mules. C. Agriculture 1. Definition: means the business of farming 2. For the first time people had a stable food supply. Summarizing Question: 1. How did the domestication of animals change the culture and way of life for early humans? Your answer should include; * how planting crops provided a steady food supply and allowed people to make a permanent home * How raising animals for meat and milk gave a constant source of protein/meat so that they did not have to hunt, which was dangerous. Predicting Question: 1. What other changes will agriculture have on early human culture? Could include: ability to make clothing, develop and/or learn about new plants for food, create a government and permanent structures

4. IV. Making Permanent Shelters A. The first great change brought by agriculture was the development of permanent shelters. 1. Shelters changed from caves or rough tent-like structures during the Paleolithic Age, to permanent structures -round or rectangular houses made of mud bricks the Neolithic Age. A. Why were shelters temporary during the Paleolithic Age? Paleolithic people did not have a steady food source, so they had to move around to hunter wild animals and gather plants. B. Neolithic people used three main materials to build their houses: 1. mud to make bricks 2. stones to strengthen the walls & roof 3. tree branches to strengthen the walls and roof A. People got into their houses by climbing a ladder to reach openings and enter the house C. The houses had several (means a lot) rooms. They stored food in the floor. They cooked their food in pits dug in the floor lined with clay. 1. How did they boil water? Neolithic people boiled water by putting water into the pit and adding hot stones. D. Why were permanent shelters important? 1. Houses gave people protection from harsh weather and wild animals. 2. They made life comfortable. 3. They allowed for new ways to cook food. 4. It allowed for larger communities to form. Summarizing Question: 1. How did permanent shelters improve the lives of people during the Neolithic Age? Permanent shelters allowed for people to be protected from bad weather and wild animals, live a more comfortable life, prepare food in new ways, and allowed larger communities to form.

5. V. Establishing Communities A. In Paleolithic times, small bands of 20 to 60 people wandered/moved from place to place in search of food.. 1. What changed once they began farming? Neolithic people could settle down near their farms. 2. What grew as a result of this? As a result of farming, towns and villages grew up (formed) A. Example -Jericho (present day Israel) B. Example - Catal Hoyuk (Turkey) B. Communities allowed people to organize themselves more efficiently (effectively) 1. How did they divide up the work? A. Some people produced food and other things they needed. B. Some people grew crops. C. Other people built new houses and made tools. C. Why was it helpful to work together? By working together, they could make more tools in the same amount of time. D. With their basic needs met, people had moretime and energy for other activites 1. What did they do with the extra time?They could invent new ways of making their lives safer and more comfortable. 2. Why was it better to have a larger community?Larger communities made it easier to defend themselves against ememies. 3. What grew as a result of these villages? Because the villages grew, the population grew too. Summarizing Question: 1. Why was it important to form communities during the Neolithic Age? The formation of communities made it easier for people to share responsibilities, protect themselve against enemies, invent new ideas to improve life, and increase their population. Predicting Question: 1. What are some qualities that would make these new villages successful? Could include: People that work together, shared responsibilities,and a shared goal/rules

6. VI. Developing New Jobs A. Paleolithic Age, people’s main job was to make sure they had enough food to survive.______ 1. What would the outcome be if they were not successful at their job? If Paleolithic people could not find enough food, they would starve and their population would die off. B. Catal Hoyuk - Dates to: 6,000 B.C.E. 1. Jobs held by residents: A. Farmers B. weavers C. basket makers D. toolmakers E. traders C. Job Focus allowed for: people to get better at the work/skill. 1. Farmers learned : how to grow 14 kinds of plants. 2. Cloth makers developed: a way to spin and weave 3. People mined: flint so they could create sharper tools D. Neolithic people wanted to make themselves and their surroundings more beautiful_______ 1. They decorated : pottery and baskets with geometric shapes 2. Stone workers learned to: _polish stones to make shiny jewlery and mirrors 3. House Builders: added special rooms to honor the gods and goddesses they believed in. Summarizing Question: 1. How did the development of new jobs improve Neolithic people and their environment? The development of of different jobs encouraged people to become more skilled at their job/crafts. This led to new and better ways to do things. It also created more variety in thier daily life. Predicting Question: 1. As Neolithic people improve their trades, what is the next logical step for this community? Could include: trade your new tools and "things"

7. VII. Beginning to Trade A. Paleolithic hunter-gathers, rarely traded with others. 1 They used only the plants, animals, and other resources they found nearby. B. Neolithic people traded to get resources the wanted but didn't have in their own community. 1. They wanted: materials to improve the strength and beauty of the things hey made. 2. It was the job of reader to get the needed resources. B. Traders travelled hundreds of miles to get what they wanted. 1. They crossed mountains on foot, rode donkeys across deserts and sailed the Mediterranean Sea on ships D. Traders were interested in obtaining flint and obsidian. 1. What is Obsidian? : Obsidian is a black glass from volcanic mountains. a. It is used for making knife blades, arrowheads, and mirrors. 2. People also traded for : beauty products like shell ornaments and red ore , also called hematite. a. Women used hematite on the lips and cheeksto make them redder. Summarizing Question: 1. How did trading help communities grow and develop? _____ Your answer should include: * make use of more resources * had contact with people from far away places, * helped knowledge and ideas spread around the world.

8. Chapter Summary: Directions: Using the information in this chapter, complete the following text dependent question using the RARE response format. 1. How was life different for Paleolithic and Neolithic people. How do social scientists believe the changes in Neolithic lifestyles improved their way of life?