G. Kent Webb San Jose State Information Systems g.webb@sjsu.edu

1. Deer Map Data harvested from social media: Flickr, Youtube G. Kent Webb San Jose State Information Systems g.webb@sjsu.edu Deer Management Research Using the Internet: Analysis of Deer-Vehicle Collisions and a Survey of Current Deer Management Issues Early warning predictor of EHD outbreak Source: Googe Trends, searches on “deer dying”

2. Yearly Deer Traffic Deaths, at least: 1.5 million. 2011 Reported Hunt: 6.44 million The Data Analysis Problem: Deer-Vehicle Collisions Depend on the Conditions at Specific Locations Deer density data is often aggregated at county or regional level Multicollinearity Schwabe et al (2002) find Positive correlation at p < .01 with number of collisions and number of bucks, but Negative correlation at p < .01 with number of collisions and number of does (more does, fewer collisions) Deer Location and Density is Aggregated,Often at the County Level Mr. T, Victim of Hit and Run, 2010. Back in the Rut, 2012

3. Deer Icons in Google MapLinks to photo or video of deer from social media site

4. Predict High-Risk Deer-Collision Freeway Segments by Using Google Maps to See Where These Deer May Have Access to the FreewayKolowksi and Nielson (2008)examined the similarity between bobcat habitat and road habitat to create a technique for mapping wild-life vehicle collision risk. The authors conclude: “Unlike other modeling techniques used to identify risk of road mortality, our method requires little field data collection and relies on readily available digital spatial data.”

5. Freeway Risk and CollisionsOverlay Risk Map and Data From California Roadkill Observation SystemU.C. Davis Web Site Allowing Users to Post Observations of Wildlife CollisionsBlue Balloons Mark Collisions

6. H1: Deer collisions per mile of freeway are higher in the high risk segments Webb, G.K. "Predicting Risk of Deer-Vehicle Collisions Using a Social Media-Based Geographic Information System" (2012) Issues in Information Systems Volume 13, Issue 2. pp. 170-181

7. Statistical analysis shows the strong correlation between the two sources of data

8. Analyze Specific Road Conditions UsingGoogle Maps High risk segment of I-280 Deer habitat on both sides of freeway. Blue balloons mark deer-vehicle collisions.

9. Analyze Using Street View - Deer spotted in nearby open space - No collisions were reported along this high risk segment of I-280 - Little vegetation to block vision or attract deer

10. Analyze Using Street View High collision segment on U.S.1 Thick vegetation growing along the road Few deer sighted in the area Verified with physical inspection of the area

11. Combined Data Creates Bay Area Deer Map - Analyze Bias and Information - Independent Data, Many Sources • Google Maps: • Lots of Information • Difficult Analytical Platform • - Experimental: Fusion Tables

12. Internet Project, DeerFriendly.com: Decision Support Site, Environmental Scanning, Knowledge Warehouse, Model Development 58,911 Unique Visitors in 2012

13. Deer disease a major concern October 27, 2012 Michigan, Royal Oak Daily Tribune...  epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) ... “There’s a lot we don’t know about how weather affects the disease. Last year’s mild winter and dry weather this year have affected the abundance of the little insects that transmit the disease... If you believe in global warming, we may see more cases in the future ..."  DNR wildlife veterinarian Dan O’Brien • South Dakota Reduces Tags during 2012 • Season Because of EHD • Other States May Reduce Tags This Year • An important issue for a long-term • deer model 2012 Searches on EHD July 2012 Oct 2012

14. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)(Mad Cow for Deer – Prions) • States with First Case of CWD • Discovered in 2012 • Pennsylvania, Deer Farm – Some deer • escaped, but eventually found and killed • Iowa, Deer Farm (10,000 farms in U.S.) • Texas, Low deer density area along the • border with New Mexico near other cases • Wisconsin Legislative Audit Bureau • determines culling deer in CWD areas • is not effective. Not density – Ecosphere, 2013 • Deer culls continue to be the main treatment response • in other states. January, 2013 Some recent articles report development of tests for CWD, low accuracy, but do not require killing deer

15.  A conservation model crafted specifically for Texas November 14, 2012 Austin American-Statesman The state has provided super strong private landowner protections for management and access, and it's invented the concepts of modern deer management to control herd numbers [balanced sex and age], enhanced habitat manipulation, supplemental feeding and management of buck harvests to improve the genetic makeup of a population.  Those concepts remain somewhat controversial ...“We’re not discounting the North American Model,” says Macy Ledbetter, a private consulting biologist who helped write the document. “It was a wonderful document when it was produced in the late 1800s... California deer harvest is 51 percent two point buck Washington: 24 percent Nevada: 30 percent California Buck to doe ratio reported in 15 to 100 range Little public support for trophy hunting

16. Review of Wisconsin Deer Program- Led by Texas Deer Biologist, Dr. James Kroll, so concern about imposing the Texas model – didn’t happen Recommendations - criticized inaccurate deer population models - called for more passive approach to CWD, the approach of killing deer has failed - called for more public input in making decisions (Wisconsin routinely issues press releases for public meetings, not found in California – Nevada hunters calling for more transparency) Governor's office takes on direct role in hunt management October 12, 2012 South Dakota, AberdeenNews.com Wildlife management is at issue, specifically regarding mountain lions, elk, deer and antelope...  an outside consultant will be contracted ... to review and advise the state Wildlife Division ... wildlife belong to the people in South Dakota

17. Nevada – Deer Wars... “We’re overharvesting,” insists Scott Raine, the wildlife commission’s former chairman ... Raine insists the modeling used to estimate Nevada’s mule deer population is based on false assumptions or conjecture and that the numbers are far lower than cited.  “They’re just wild guesses,” [Nevada Model on the internet]Hunters, wildlife officials lock horns over whether Nevada mule deer are over-harvestedOctober 27, 2012 RGJ.comNevada Hunter: “There are no deer! ... I have lived in Nevada since 1953 and hunted deer since 1962 ...Someone in NDOW needs to start telling the truth about the deer herds in our state...Nevada's deer herds misrepresented November 13, 2012 Elko Daily Free Press, Gene Perry

18. Studies Reported to Press during 2012 in States with Declining Deer Populations: Only Oregon Related to Deer Hunt Management 81 pound coyote or wolf hybrid shot in Missouri in November, previous record is 74 pounds Coyotes, may need to kill 70 percent. * Stewart: No impact of predator control. 2011

19. What the public sees when it Googles“Deer Population California”: dfg.ca.gov

20. Overlay of Estimates for 1962 and 2012 Bottom Graph from California Department of Fish and Wildlife Web Site Too Many Deer?

22. California Reported Deer Kill 1910 into 1990s Almost to Where Hunting Was Suspended in the Past Debate on Historic Reporting Variation – Hunter Efficiency Has Improved Tags Issued is a Variable We Can Control 2011 Reported Kill http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/deer/docs/habitatassessment/part2.pdf

23. Similar Pattern of Harvest Data on The Utah Division of Wildlife Website But Without the Qualifications Seen on The California Site A Deer Relocation By Helicopter Currently Underway in Utah 2011 Deer Harvest

24. Search Volume on “Deer” Darker, More Volume Wildlife in the U.S. and Deer in California are Falling Out of the Public’s Interest - Public Outreach, a Current Theme in Wildlife Management Search Volume on “Wildlife”, 2004 to 2012