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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Alexis Salazar Period 4 30 April 2013. Things to Remember. France Divine Right absolute monarchy No universal law in France Bourbon monarchs, French nobility, and clergy became abusive of their power 1-Clergy 2-nobility 3-bourgeoisie

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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  1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Alexis Salazar Period 4 30 April 2013

  2. Things to Remember • France Divine Right absolute monarchy • No universal law in France • Bourbon monarchs, French nobility, and clergy became abusive of their power • 1-Clergy 2-nobility 3-bourgeoisie • The Third Estate paid the only taxes

  3. The Moderate Phase (1789-1791)

  4. Economic woes • The 7 Years War, the American Revolution, and Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette’s extravagant lifestyle economic depression • Louis XVI appointed Charles de Calonne as Control General of Finances in 1783 • 1786: de Calonne asked loans of various European banks, but was denied. • Solution: taxation for nobility • Assembly of Notables- accept new tax rules, or forefeit exemption from old tax rules • Nobility refused both, Calonne was dismissed

  5. Revolution on the rise • Enlightenment spread of secularism questioning of divine right/absolute monarchy • The aristocracy and royalty ignored progressive trends in French thought. • Royalty & noblity = tradition and archaic law cost them everything • Bourgeosie = catalyst for revolution

  6. Estates general • Louis XVI hired Jacques Necker as Calonne’s replacement convene Estates General on May 5,1789 (1st time since 1614) • “What is the Third Estate?” by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès • The 1st and 2nd estates disagreed with the 3rd estate on the new tax plan • 3rd estate formed the sovereign National Assembly members of the other estates switched over to the side of the National assembly • The National Assembly took the Tennis Court Oath, to not give up until a new constitution was made

  7. Escalating violence • The peasants, in the revolutionary spirit of the Tennis Court Oath, stormed the Bastille to acquire weapons • Peasant attacks on their landlords became more and more frequent (Great Fear) until the August Decrees freed them from their feudal contracts • Women’s March to Versailles because of food shortage • Royal Family imprisoned at the Tuileries Palace in Paris • The Assembly targeted the Catholic Church. February 1790 confiscated all the church’s land & used it to back a new French currency, the assignat. • July 1790, the French Catholic Church - the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, a decree by the National Assembly that established a national church system with elected clergy. • France divided into 83 departments, governed by an elected official and represented by an elected bishop. The voting for these positions was open to anyone who met a criteria. (land ownership)

  8. Jacobins ~ Moderates ~wanted to maintain Constitutional Monarchy ~led the National Assembly as of 1789 ~ led by Jacques-Pierre Brissot ~ Recruited Sans Culottes to do their bidding ~ Progressives ~ Supported Revolutionary ideas ~ wanted to do away with the monarchy ~ Generally poorer and less prestigious than the Girondins ~enlightened urban idealists ~led by Maximillien Robespierre Girondins (Brissotins) SANS CULOTTES: lower class, wore short pants to show disdain for upper classes. As revolution went on, they became increasingly violent and harder to control.

  9. The Radical Phase (1792-1799)

  10. Start of the radical phase • The royal family attempted to leave Paris, but was found out lowered his regard in the eyes of the French people (even more) • Declaration of Pillnitz (1791) nations outside of France demanded that France return Louis XVI to the monarchy. This lead to the National Assembly declaring war on Austria and Prussia. • Declaration of 1791- made France a Constitutional monarchy • August 10, 1791- storming of Tuileries, and murder of 1000s of Parisian prisoners

  11. Reign of terror • September 21, 1792- Monarchy abolished and France declared a Republic at the National convention. • Louis XVI sentenced to death and executed January 21, 1793 (Marie Antoinette followed October 16) • Committee of Public Safety formed to protect France on April 6, 1793 • Sans Culottes stormed National Assembly and helped Jacobins gain power • The Constitution of 1793 forced extreme measures, including suspending the Constitution of 1791. • Maximum- decree that fixed prices to stop inflation • Conscription allowed France to push back Austrian and Prussian forces

  12. Reign of Terror & Thermidorian Reaction • Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety began persecuting people whose ideas they thought counterrevolutionary. • During 9 month period, 15,000-50,000 were killed at the guillotine (including Georges Danton and eventually Robespierre himself) • Thermidorian Reaction: National Convention reconvened and Girondins won back power, neutralized power of Comm. Of Public Safety, and freed prisoners (1794)

  13. The Directory • Clergy began to return from exile, as did some Royalty • Constitution of 1795: The new legislature = consist of two houses: the Council of Ancients & Council of Five Hundred. The convention decreed that two-thirds of the members of the first new legislature had to have already served on the National Convention between 1792 and 1795. • executive body of the new government = Directory. no legislative power, authority to appoint people to fill the other positions within the government. • Annual elections would be held to keep the new government in check. • Royalists elected in 1795 worried Directory = abuses in power

  14. Napoleon Bonaparte • Leader of the unstoppable French army • Seized power due to popular discontent with the Directory • Coup d’etat in 1799 made France into a military dictatorship, ending the French Revolution

  15. Artistic movements • Two movements: Neoclassicism and Rococo

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