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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Sexuality and Gender. Defining Some Terms. Sex: Whether you are biologically male or female Gender: All the psychological and social characteristics associated with being male or female; defined by one’s gender identity and learned gender roles. Gender Roles.

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Sexuality and Gender

  2. Defining Some Terms • Sex: Whether you are biologically male or female • Gender: All the psychological and social characteristics associated with being male or female; defined by one’s gender identity and learned gender roles

  3. Gender Roles • Sometimes known as sex roles; favored pattern of behavior for males and females • E.g. girls are expected to be sensitive, and boys dominant • Gender Role Stereotypes: Oversimplified beliefs (stereotypes) about what men and women are really like • Gender roles appear to be learned • View the video: Killing Us Softly ( part 1) • And snippet of :Tough Guise

  4. Gender Role Development • Psychoanalytic theory: is a largely unconscious process governed by the child’s emotions. They want to bond to the opposite sex parent but fear the jealous reaction of the same sex parent. They unconsciously want to become like the same sex parent in order to find someone like their opposite sex parent.

  5. Gender Role Development • Learning Theories on gender state that we learn what it means to be a man or woman from information we receive from our environment. They acquire gender roles through imitation of models. However, there is little evidence that parents reinforce behavior that is gender role appropriate often enough to account for the early age at which children begin to act out their “gender”

  6. Evolutionary Theory • These theorists propose that natural selection has shaped both male and female mating strategies to foster the survival of offspring. • Men look for: attractiveness as an indicator of health • Women look for: stable, committed mates who are good providers

  7. Evolutionary Theory • They hypothesize that men are motivated to enter higher paying fields because their earning power will help them attract a youthful, fertile female • Women’s career decisions are less influenced by financial concerns than are those men, because they know that it is their attractiveness and not their earning power that will enable them to attract a stable, committed, economically successful mate. • Men want to have sex with more women to ensure their DNA survives while women want to assure that their offspring are protected and cared for. Promiscuity is frowned upon by men because the child may not belong to him.

  8. Primetime Live Poll 2004 • Think about sex at least once a day Men: 70% Women 33% • Think about sex several times a day Men: 43% Women 13% • Enjoy sex a great deal Men: 83% Women: 59% • Ever had sex on a first date Men: 47% Women: 17% • Believe it’s okay to have sex for Men: 35% Women: 18% • purely physical reasons • Approve of premarital sex Men: 68% Women: 54% • Median number of lifetime sex partners Men: 8 Women: 3 • Ever been unfaithful Men: 21% Women: 11% • Always have an orgasm Men: 74% Women: 30%

  9. Psychology Question • Please come up with your own “theory” or set of ideas on how gender development occurs. You can be creative! What messages did you get growing up about being a man or woman? Feel free to share some of your experiences.

  10. Fig. 13.5 One study found that even the parents of 2-year-olds strongly encourage their toddlers to play with “sex-appropriate” toys. Parents’ nonverbal responses to toys were consistently more positive when a toy matched stereotypes for the child’s gender (Calder, Huston & O’Brien, 1989).

  11. Sexual Behavior and Arousal • Erogenous Zones: Areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desires (genitals, breasts, etc.) • Sex Drive: Strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior

  12. Sexual Orientation • Definition: Degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes • Heterosexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to the opposite sex • Bisexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to both sexes • Homosexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to the same sex

  13. Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson’s Discoveries • Sexual response can be divided into four phases that occur in the following order: • Excitement: Initial signs of sexual arousal/Muscle tension, sex flush, breathing faster/heart rate goes up/reproductive organs engorged in blood • Plateau: Physical arousal intensifies/point before orgasm • Orgasm: Climax and release of sexual excitement • Resolution: Return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal (return to non-excited state )

  14. Sexual Response Cycle

  15. Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson’s Discoveries (cont.) • Ejaculation: Release of sperm and seminal fluid (semen) by the male at orgasm • Refractory Period: Short time period after orgasm when males are unable to orgasm again “ shut down” phase/women do not necessarily have this phase

  16. Finding From The Janus Report 1993Sample 3000 people • Full sexual relations by age 14 • Men 19% Women 7.5% Males reporting premarital sex: 67 percent Females reporting premarital sex: 47 percent About 9 percent of males were predominately homosexual About 5 percent of females were predominately homosexual People ages 57 to 85 found that many were sexually active well into their eighties. Common barriers to sexual activity were health problems or lack of a partner rather than a lack of desire

  17. Atypical Sexual Behaviors • Paraphilias: Sexual deviations; tend to be compulsive or destructive preferences or behaviors • Exhibitionism: “Flashing” genitals to unwilling viewers • Voyeurism: “peeping” or viewing the genitals of others without their permission

  18. Exhibtionism

  19. Voyuerism

  20. More Atypical Sexual Behaviors • Sexual Sadism: Deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain • Sexual Masochism: Deriving sexual pleasure from receiving pain • Frotteurism: Sexually touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, usually in a public place like an elevator or subway

  21. Flogging Demonstration 2004

  22. Nose Fetish

  23. Foot Fetish

  24. Arm Fetish

  25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) • A disease that is passed from one person to another by intimate physical contact; a venereal disease • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Sexually transmitted virus that disables the immune system • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Caused by HIV and frequently fatal. • The immune system is weakened\ • White Blood Cell count is often lowered dangerously

  26. STD: Risky Behaviors • Sharing drug needles and syringes • Anal sex, with or without a condom • Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected partner • Sex with someone you know, or do not know, who has several partners • Vaginal or oral sex with an intravenous drug user • Having many sex partners

  27. Fig. 13.12 Popular professional basketball start Earvin “Magic” Johnson stunned fans when he announced that he had tested positive for HIV. Johnson, who is heterosexual, emphasized that his infection is a warning that anyone who is sexually active can contact HIV if they don’t follow safe sex practices. Johnson further stressed that abstinence is the surest way to prevent AIDS. Johnson’s infection increased public awareness about AIDS. Unfortunately, though, it has resulted in little real change in risky behavior (Brown, et al., 1996).

  28. Safer Sex Practices • Not having sex • Not injecting drugs • Using a condom • Sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner • Not engaging in sex while intoxicated • Reducing the number of sex partners

  29. Sexual Satisfaction • Elements necessary for a continuing healthy sexual relationship • Sexual anticipation • Valuing one’s sexuality • Feeling that you deserve sexual pleasure • Valuing intimacy • Trust and comfort

  30. Ways to Build Intimacy • Talk about meaningful things • Show your feelings • Don’t pretend everything is okay, even if you are upset or dissatisfied • Compromise • Spend time together

  31. Ways to Build Intimacy (cont.) • Don’t always try to be right. Be willing to say your sorry and correct your mistakes Don’t make your partner guess what you want • Be sensitive to your partners needs • Understanding and Patience is key! • Keep your own life and build a life together

  32. LOVE POEM

  33. Gender and Sexuality • The END • Questions? • Have a safe and happy love life!!!!

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