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Where does the escargot? Tracking marine gastropod larvae using statolith and protoconch

Where does the escargot? Tracking marine gastropod larvae using statolith and protoconch Danielle Zacherl Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 zacherl@lifesci.ucsb.edu. They move fast….really…. Oceanic transport?.

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Where does the escargot? Tracking marine gastropod larvae using statolith and protoconch

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  1. Where does the escargot? Tracking marine gastropod larvae using statolith and protoconch Danielle Zacherl Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 zacherl@lifesci.ucsb.edu

  2. They move fast….really….

  3. Oceanic transport? Larvae settle elsewhere….. “open population” Planktonic veliger larvae hatch out Larvae ‘settle’ onto benthic habitat, metamorphose into juveniles “closed population” Adult Kelletia kelletii lays eggs at ‘natal’ reef

  4. Where do incoming larvae originate? • What is the extent of connectivity between spatially separated populations?

  5. Otoliths as ‘recorders’ of elemental composition Dissolved trace elements Larval uptake Otolith incorporation CaCO3 + Ba2+ BaCO3+ Ca2+

  6. 10 mm 200 mm Can invertebrate larval hard parts ‘record’ their source of production? Statolith and protoconch (larval shell) of veliger Kelletia kelletii

  7. 100 Km • Monterey Bay Extension • Point Conception Kelletia kelletii Historic range • Punta Eugenia

  8. McAbee’s Beach • Hopkins Marine Life Refuge (HMLR) • Big Creek • Diablo Canyon Jalama Coho Naples Reef IV Reef • Pt. Loma • La Bufadora • Punta San Carlos # whelks/m2

  9. 50 HMLR (n=129) 25 0 50 Diablo Canyon (n=50) 25 0 50 Jalama (n=72) 25 0 50 Coho (n=515) 25 0 50 % population Naples Reef (n=337) 25 0 50 IV Reef (n= 225) 25 0 50 Pt. Loma (n=487) 25 0 50 La Bufadora (n=361) 25 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

  10. 50 McAbee's Beach (n=87) 25 50 HMLR (n=38) 25 0 50 Diablo Canyon (n=52) 25 0 50 Jalama (n=66) 25 0 50 Coho (n=406) 25 % population 0 50 Naples Reef (n= 630) 25 0 50 IV Reef (n=230) 25 0 50 Pt. Loma (n=132) 25 0 50 La Bufadora (n=187) 25 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

  11. ? 100 Km • Monterey Bay • Point Conception ? • Punta Eugenia • Relevant to: • Population ecologists • Biogeographers • Introduced species experts • Resource managers

  12. Sea surface temperature (SST) – June 2001 (monthly composite)

  13. 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 J F M A M J J A S O N D 10 Monthly mean seawater temperature (30 yr average) at 10 m depth Monterey Big Sur DiabloCanyon Pt. Conception Santa BarbaraChannel N Santa BarbaraChannel S San Diego Baja Ca. N Central Baja Ca.

  14. How does this affect metal (Me) incorporation? • Upwelled water is Me rich, Me conc. can affect incorporation • Upwelled water is cold, temperature can affect Me incorporation

  15. Do differences in Barium (Ba) concentration in seawater and • temperature affect the Ba signal in larval hard parts? • Are Kelletia kelletii larval hard parts produced north of Point • Conception chemically distinguishable from those produced in the • Santa Barbara Channel? • Do differences in Barium (Ba) concentration in seawater and • temperature affect the Ba signal in larval hard parts?

  16. 1x 2x 4x 6x 1x 2x 4x 6x Cold (11-12° C) Warm (16.5-17.5° C) Is Ba concentration in protoconch and larval statolith influenced by seawater temperature and Ba concentration? Protoconch and statolith samples analyzed separately using ICP-MS

  17. 25 20 y = 1.1082x + 0.2218 R2 = 0.9999 mol/mol protoconch 15 11-12° C 16.5-17.5° C 10 y = 0.7585x + 1.3877 R2 = 0.9898 m 5 Ba/Ca 0 0 5 10 15 20 Ba/Ca m mol/mol seawater Ba incorporation into protoconch (larval shell) Seawater X Temp P = 0.0021

  18. 30 25 20 mol/mol statolith 16.5 - 17.5°C 15 11 - 12°C m 10 Ba/Ca 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 m Ba/Ca mol/mol seawater Ba incorporation into larval statolith y = 1.4322x + 1.9066 R2 = 0.9966 Seawater X Temp P = 0.0050 y = 1.2543x + 0.429 R2 = 0.9964

  19. Do differences in Ba concentration in seawater and • temperature affect the Ba signal in larval hard parts? • YES! Ba incorporation increases with increasing Ba SW concentration • Effect is greater at colder seawater temperatures • Are Kelletia kelletii larval hard parts produced north of Point • Conception chemically distinguishable from those produced in the • Santa Barbara Channel?

  20. Do differences in trace metal concentration in seawater and • temperature affect the elemental signal in larval hard parts? • Are Kelletia kelletii larval hard parts produced north of Point • Conception chemically distinguishable from those produced in the • Santa Barbara Channel?

  21. Egg mass collection sites • Monterey (n=37) Monterey (n=37) Diablo (n=22) • Diablo (n=22) Tajiguas (n=4) Tajiguas (n=4) . . . Ellwood (n=27) Ellwood (n=27) • Isla Vista (n=21) Isla Vista (n=21) Cojo (n=25) • Yellowbanks, SCI (n=7) Yellowbanks, SCI (n=7) Cojo (n=25) Elements analyzed: Mg, Li, Sr, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ce, Cd, U, Zn, Ba

  22. Trace elemental composition of K. kelletii protoconchs from two regions Southern samples Northern samples Ce/Ca mmol/mol Mg/Ca mmol/mol Ba/Ca mmol/mol • Using all 11 elements-Canonical Discriminant Analysis shows significant site discrimination (p<.0001) • Serial deletion validation predicts 89% correct, 93% in northern region

  23. Do differences in trace metal concentration in seawater and • temperature affect the elemental signal in larval hard parts? • Are Kelletia kelletii larval hard parts produced north of Point • Conception chemically distinguishable from those produced in the • Santa Barbara Channel? • Yes!

  24. Invertebrate larvae can be ‘naturally’ tagged at their origin

  25. Other species, other systems Concholepas concholepas ~ 50 mm What next? • Finer resolution? • Temporal stability?

  26. Me/Ca inConcholepas concholepas larval statoliths from two Chilean sites 100 5 Ba/Ca Zn/Ca 80 4 60 3 Zn/Ca mmol/mol Ba/Ca mmol/mol 40 2 20 1 0 0 Antofagasta Las Cruces **Data above generated in collaboration with Juan Carlos Castilla and Patricio Manriquez of Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

  27. Acknowledgements Most especially: Steve Gaines, Steve Swearer, David Lea, Georges Paradis Financial support: Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans Lerner Grey Foundation, Sigma Xi A league of dive buddies and lab helpers: Steve Lonhart, Chris Faist, Brian Cheng, Alison Haupt, Sarah Kleinshmidt, Jessica Van Leuven, Marina Salonga, Andrea Hsu, Bryce Wolcott,Alex Pappas, Elsie Tanadjaja, Clara Svedlund, Tiffany Jenkins,Catrina Mangiardi, Alex Wyndham, Ben and Stephanie Best, Eric Hessel, Mike Hickford, Mauricio Gomez, Mike Behrens Understanding friends: Rafe Sagarin, P McConnell, Ben Heying, Zorba the cat Godlike others: Chris Gotshalk, Jenn Caselle, Dotti Pak, Cynthia Cudaback Shane Anderson, Terry Marciando, Bob Warner

  28. Is Ba concentration in protoconch and larval statolith influenced by seawater temperature and Ba concentration? 1x 2x 4x 6x 1x 2x 4x 6x Cold (11-12° C) Warm (16.5-17.5° C) • Egg masses collected, inspected, and randomly assigned to treatment • Three replicates per treatment • Cultures changed every other day • Maintained through maturity • Frozen storage

  29. Egg capsule (~800 larvae each) (peroxide dissolution of organics) 50 shells (1 sample) 10 statoliths (10 samples) Solution ICP-MS Laser ICP-MS

  30. Yes, but not entirely….. 3.2 3 mol/mol 2.8 m 2.6 2.4 2.2 Protoconch Ba/Ca 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 Ellwood Cojo Tajiguas Isla Vista Monterey Diablo Canyon Yellowbanks, SCI

  31. Subtidal seawater temperature (14 m) during larval ‘hard part’ formation ° C Days before collection

  32. Sea surface temperature (SST) – July 2001 (monthly composite) *

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