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The Urinary System

The Urinary System. Function. Remove nitrogenous wastes Maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance of blood Homeostatic organ Acts as blood filter Release hormones: calcitriol & erythropoietin. Kidneys as Filters. Diuretic- loose water; coffee, alcohol

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The Urinary System

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  1. The Urinary System

  2. Function • Remove nitrogenous wastes • Maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance of blood • Homeostatic organ • Acts as blood filter • Release hormones: calcitriol & erythropoietin

  3. Kidneys as Filters • Diuretic- loose water; coffee, alcohol • Antidiuretic- retain water; ADH • Aldosterone- sodium & water reabsorption, and K+ excretion • GFR= 180 liters (50 gal) of blood/day • 178-179 liters are reabsorbed back into blood • Excrete a protein free filtrate

  4. Organs of the Urinary System kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra

  5. Kidney Anatomy ureter nephron renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis renal pyramids renal capsule

  6. A Kidney Blood and waste enter through renal artery Filtered blood leaves through renal vein Excess water and toxic waste leaves through ureter as urine

  7. The Urinary System

  8. Glomerular Filtration efferent arteriole afferent arteriole glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Filters blood; proteins can’t pass through

  9. General Functioning of the Kidney

  10. Nitrogenous Wastes Proteins Amino acids COOH -NH2 Uric Acid Urea Ammonia

  11. Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons and thousands of collecting ducts renal cortex renal medulla Glomerulus DCT PCT Collecting duct Loop of Henle

  12. DCT PCT Glomerulus Collecting duct Peritubular capillaries Loop of Henle To renal pelvis

  13. Composition of Glomerular Filtrate • Water • Small Soluble Organic Molecules • Mineral Ions

  14. Proximal Convoluted Tubule Reabsorbs: water, glucose, amino acids, and sodium. • 65% of Na+ is reabsorbed • 65% of H2O is reabsorbed • 90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-) • 50% of Cl- and K+

  15. Loop of Henle Creates a gradient of increasing sodium ion concentration towards the end of the loop within the interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid. • 25% Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop • 15% water is reabsorbed in the loop • 40% K is reabsorbed in the loop

  16. Distal Convoluted Tubule Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium. Also regulates pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH of the plasma is low. • only 10% of the filtered NaCl and 20% of water remains

  17. Collecting Duct Allows for the osmotic reabsorption of water. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)- makes collecting ducts more permeable to water-- produce concentrated urine

  18. Urine • Water- 95% • Nitrogenous waste: • urea • uric acid • creatinine • Ions: • sodium • potassium • sulfate • phosphate From the original 1800 g NaCl, only 10 g appears in the urine

  19. Urinary Bladder ureters internal sphincters urethra external sphincters

  20. Diuresis (Micturition) When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder (PNS) When is incontinence normal?

  21. Urinalysis Why do doctors ask for a urine sample?        • characteristics: • smell- ammonia-like • pH- 4.5-8, ave 6.0 • specific gravity– more than 1.0; ~1.001-1.030 • color- affected by what we eat: salty foods, vitamins

  22. Odor odor- normal is ammonia-like diabetes mellitus- smells fruity or acetone like due to elevated ketone levels diabetes insupidus- yucky asparagus---

  23. Color Color- pigment is urochrome Yellow color due to metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin (by bile or bile pigments) Beets or rhubarb- might give a urine pink or smoky color Vitamins- vitamin C- bright yellow Infection- cloudy

  24. Specific Gravity Water: s.g. = 1g/liter; Urine: s.g. ~ 1.001 to 1.030 Whenurine has high s.g.; form kidney stones Diabetes insipidus- urine has low s.g.; drinks excessive water; injury or tumor in pituitary

  25. pH-range 4.5-8 ave 6.0 vegetarian diet-urine is alkaline protein rich and wheat diet-urine is acidic

  26. Normal Constitutes of Urine

  27. Normal Constitutes of Urine

  28. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine • Glucose • Indicative of: • Excessive carbohydrate intake • Stress • Diabetes mellitus

  29. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine Albumin

  30. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine • Ketone • RBC • Hemoglobin • Bile • WBC • Casts

  31. INQUIRY • List several functions of the kidneys. • What does the glomerulus do? • What are several constitutes you should not find in urine? • What is specific gravity? • What two hormones effect fluid volume and sodium concentration in the urine? • Where are the pyramids located in the kidney? • What vessel directs blood into the kidney?

  32. Moment of Zen

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