HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

2. Human Development Terms Conception: The union of the ovum and sperm, resulting In the beginning of a pregnancy. Ovum: The female egg cell, needed for reproduction. Sperm: The male cell needed for reproduction. Zygote: The fertilized egg. Embryo: The developing embryo from the third to eight week of the pregnancy. Fetus: The developing baby from the eight to ninth week of pregnancy to birth.

3. Human Development Terms Continued Prenatal Development: The physical changes that take place before a baby is born. Uterus: The organ in the woman’s body in which a baby develops during pregnancy.

4. Placenta: A tissue in the uterus of the pregnant woman that is rich with blood vessels and plays a role in bring food and oxygen from the mother’s body to a developing baby. Amniotic Fluid: The liquid that surrounds and protects the developing Fetus Umbilical Cord: A long tube that connects the placenta to the developing baby during pregnancy; carries food and oxygen to the baby.

8. Fertilization/Conception

16. Methods of Contraception

17. Methods of Contraception

18. How is the implant put under the skin? • It is put in the inner side of the upper arm. • It is usually first inserted within 5 days of a period starting. (This ensures that you are not pregnant.) It is effective from then on. • An injection of local anesthetic is used to numb the skin. A small cut is made and the implant placed under the skin. The wound is dressed and will soon heal just like any other small cut. • The area around the implant may be bruised and sore for a few days, but this soon goes.

19. Birth Control Pills Birth Control Pills at a Glance • Take a pill each day to prevent pregnancy • Safe, effective, and convenient • Easy to get with a prescription • Cost about $15–$50 each month

20. What is an IUD? An IUD is a small device made from plastic and copper. It was previously known as 'the coil'. It can be placed quite easily into the uterus (womb) by a trained doctor or nurse. How does the IUD work? It works mainly by stopping the egg and sperm from meeting. It may also prevent the fertilized egg from attaching to the lining of the uterus. The copper also has a spermicidal effect (kills sperm).

21. The Male Condom What are they? A soft, disposable latex sheath. They are between 85-97% effective in preventing an unintended pregnancy. Available various shapes, sizes, thickness, textures and colors. The male condom is inexpensive and readily available without a prescription. When used correctly, not only can they prevent pregnancy, they are extremely useful in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.

22. Female Condom What are they? They are a barrier method, available in pharmacies without a prescription. The female condoms are soft, disposable polyurethane material. They are 79-97% effective in preventing an unintended pregnancy. When used correctly, not only can they prevent pregnancy, they are extremely useful in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.

23. Diaphragm – Cervical Cap – Lea’s Shields • The diaphragm, cervical cap, and Lea’s shield, are all non-hormonal, barrier methods of birth control. • They are 68-84% effective in preventing an unintended pregnancy. • They are flexible rubber or plastic device used together with a spermicide to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. • Diaphragm is a dome-shaped latex disc. • Cervical cap is a thimble –shaped rubber cap. • Lea’s shield is a cup- shaped silicone device with two extensions to help fit and removal.

24. CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE The sponge is made of plastic foam and contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and about two inches in diameter. It has a nylon loop attached to the bottom for removal. It is inserted deep into the vagina before intercourse.

25. Spermicide Spermicide: Contains an ingredient that “kills” the sperm; requires 5 to 15 minutes in the vagina to become effective. Should be reapplied for each repeated act of vaginal intercourse. They are most effective when used in conjunction with another barrier method like a latex condom or a diaphragm.

26. Withdrawal What is it? When a man feels he is about to ejaculate, he takes his penis out of the woman’s vagina. Withdrawal is not a very effective method of birth control and is not recommended. What else do I need to know? • You and your partner(s) are not protected against sexually transmitted infection, including HIV. • Your chances of getting pregnant are almost as high as not using any method of birth control at all. • You need to negotiate with you partner that you will both interrupt or stop sexual intercourse before ejaculation. • You will have to stop sexual intercourse suddenly. • If you are unsure if you withdrew the penis in time, consider reviewing the information on “Plan B” or “Emergency Contraceptive”. (insert link)

27. Calendar Method What is it? This is a method that involves a woman keeping track of monthly periods on a regular and consistent basis, recognizing the monthly changes that occur with cervical mucus and vaginal muscles, and keeping track of body temperature. It is considered a “natural” method because there is no use of any type of product or medication. This is not a very effective method of birth control and is not recommended unless you are comfortable with the possibility of a pregnancy. How does it work? Women are fertile only one time per month. This can range anywhere from day 7 to day 15 of their menstrual cycle. The first day of your period, is considered day one of your menstrual cycle. Along with counting the days, a women’s cervical mucus changes from a cloudy white vaginal discharge, to a clear, more slippery (almost like egg whites) type of discharge. As well, a women’s body temperature will increase slightly during ovulation. The combination of these physical cues is used to determine when the ovary will release an egg (called ovulation) and this is when vaginal intercourse should be avoided.

28. PERMANENT INFERTILITY CONDITIONS (Surgical Procedures) Tubal Ligation (informally known as getting one’s tubes tied) is a permanent form of Sterilization, in which the fallopian tubes are severed and sealed or “pinched shut”, in order to prevent fertilization. Hormone production, and menstrual cycle are not affected by a tubal ligation. Vasectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vasa deferentia of a man are cut for the purpose of sterilization. Hysterectomy is an operation to remove a woman’s Uterus (Womb).

29. CAUTION- CAUTION - CAUTION NOTA BENE: THERE ARE OTHER WAYS TO RENDER ONESELF INFERTIAL/STERILE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STDs) • Scaring blocks sperm duct and fallopian tubes DRUG USE I.E. MARIJUANA • Decreases sperm mobility and taints ovum

30. THE BEST WAY TO AVOID A PREGNANCY AND A SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE IS TO: REFRAIN AND ABSTAIN FROM SEXUAL ACTIVITY

31. AIDS - HIV HIV is an infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. HIV interferes with your body's ability to effectively fight off viruses, bacteria and fungi that cause disease, and it can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS, a chronic, life-threatening disease. Symptoms Include: Fever Headache Fatigue Swollen lymph glands Rash

32. Genital Herpes Genital herpes is highly contagious and caused by a type of the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV enters your body through small breaks in your skin or mucous membranes. Symptoms Include: Small, red bumps, blisters (vesicles) or open sores (ulcers) in the genital, anal and nearby areas Pain or itching around your genital area, buttocks or inner thighs

33. Genital Warts (HPV infection) Genital warts, caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), are one of the most common types of STDs. The signs and symptoms of genital warts include: Small, flesh-colored or gray swellings in your genital area Several warts close together that take on a cauliflower shape Itching or discomfort in your genital area Bleeding with intercourse

34. Hepatitis Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C are all contagious viral infections that affect your liver. Hepatitis B and C are the most serious of the three, but each can cause your liver to become inflamed. Symptoms Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially in the area of your liver on your right side beneath your lower ribs Loss of appetite Fever Dark urine Muscle or joint pain Itching Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)

35. Syphilis Syphilis is a bacterial infection. The disease affects your genitals, skin and mucous membranes, but it may also involve many other parts of your body, including your brain and your heart. Four stages of Syphilis: Primary, Secondary, Latent and Tertiary. Primary (occur from 10 days to three months after exposure) A small, painless sore (chancre) on the part of your body where the infection was transmitted, usually your genitals, rectum, tongue or lips. A single chancre is typical, but there may be multiple sores. Enlarged lymph nodes.

36. Syphilis Continued Secondary (May begin two to 10 weeks after the chancre appears, and may include) • Rash marked by red or reddish-brown, penny-sized sores over any area of your body, including your palms and soles • Fever • Fatigue and a vague feeling of discomfort • Soreness and aching Note: These signs and symptoms may disappear within a few weeks or repeatedly come and go for as long as a year.

37. Latent In some people, a period called latent syphilis — in which no symptoms are present — may follow the secondary stage. Signs and symptoms may never return, or the disease may progress to the tertiary stage. Tertiary Without treatment, syphilis bacteria may spread, leading to serious internal organ damage and death years after the original infection. Signs and Symptoms of Tertiary Syphilis include: • Neurological problems. • Cardiovascular problems

38. Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection of your genital tract. The first gonorrhea symptoms generally appear within two to 10 days after exposure. Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea may include: • Thick, cloudy or bloody discharge from the penis or vagina • Pain or burning sensation when urinating • Frequent urination • Pain during sexual intercourse

39. Chlamydia Chlamydia is a bacterial infection of your genital tract. Signs and symptoms may include: • Painful urination • Lower abdominal pain • Vaginal discharge in women • Discharge from the penis in men • Painful sexual intercourse in women • Testicular pain in men

40. Crabs (Pubic Lice) What are crabs? Crabs (also called pubic lice) are small, wingless insects that infest pubic hair. Both men and women can get crabs. What causes crabs? Crabs are usually spread through sexual contact. They can also be spread through contaminated clothing and bedding. What are the symptoms of crabs? Symptoms, which usually appear within 5 days of being exposed, include itching in the groin area. The crabs look like small flakes of skin to the naked eye, but you can actually see the insects with a magnifying glass. You may also see white or gray dots in your pubic hair; these are louse eggs.

41. Warning: The following slides which you are about to view are very graphic showing the negative effects of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) . Anyone who would like to be excused from viewing them may go to the Library – Media Center at this time. THANK YOU

42. AIDS - HIV Virus Thrush / Kaposi's Sarcoma

43. Hepatitis

44. Hepatitis and it’s effects on the human liver.

45. Genital Herpes

46. Genital Herpes Lip Face Eye Nose

47. Genital Warts (HPV infection)

48. Syphilis

49. Secondary Syphilis Late Syphilis Of the eye Hand Back

50. Gonorrhea