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MENTAL HEALTH

12. MENTAL HEALTH. 12. “Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.” - Helen Keller -. 12. INTRODUCTION. OVERVIEW. Undefined Burden of Mental Problems:. Refers to the economic and social burden for families, communities, and countries.

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MENTAL HEALTH

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  1. 12 MENTAL HEALTH

  2. 12 “Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.” - Helen Keller -

  3. 12 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW Undefined Burden of Mental Problems: • Refers to the economic and social burden for families, communities, and countries Hidden Burden of Mental Problems: • Refers to the stigma and violations of human rights and freedoms associated with mental problems

  4. 12 PERSPECTIVES OF MENTAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA • 1 in 5 adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year • 45 million Americans suffer • Mental illness ranks 2nd in terms of burden of disease in the U.S. • Depression is leading cause of lost years of healthy life for women worldwide • Gender differences exist

  5. 12 Gender Differences in Mental Illness

  6. 12 ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS The Economic Burden: • Need for mental health and social services • Lost employment and reduced productivity • Financial burden placed on families/caregivers • Increased levels of crime and threat to public safety • Negative impact of premature mortality

  7. 12 LEGAL DIMENSIONS • Individuals with mental disorders are more likely to commit crimes than the general public • 16% if all inmates in correctional facilities are mentally ill • 79% of prisoners receive mental health therapy • 60% of prisoners receive psychotropic medications • Eugenics  forced sterilization POLITICAL DIMENSIONS • Research initiatives • Effects of behavior on HIV transmission • Public information outreach and dissemination programs

  8. 12 CLINICAL DIMENSIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH MOOD DISORDERS Depression • Types • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) • Postpartum Depression • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) • Dysthymia • Manic Depression • Causes • Hormonal responses • Response to medical conditions • Medications • Life Events

  9. 12 • Symptoms • Persistent sad mood • Constant feelings of sadness • Excessive crying • Low energy • Feelings of worthlessness • Loss of interest in activities • Sleep disturbances • Appetite & weight change • Thoughts of death or suicide • Physical symptoms not responding to treatment • Treatment • Antidepressant drugs • Herbal Remedies • Psychotherapy

  10. 12 Other Mood Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Phobias • Panic Disorder • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  11. 12 EATING DISORDERS A/ Anorexia Nervosa • Deprivation of food and a body weight of at least 15% below the normal weight based on height and age Symptoms: • Refusal to maintain an adequate weight • Intense fear of gaining weight • Distorted body image • Fear of losing control over eating • Absence of 3 consecutive menstrual periods

  12. 12 Medical Complications: • Dehydration • Low body temperature • Inability to withstand cold • Mid anemia • Amenorrhea • Abdominal pain • Lethargy • Constipation • Organ damage/failure • Loss of essential minerals necessary for regulating heartbeat and bone strength

  13. 12 B/ Bulimia Nervosa • Cyclic binge eating followed by purging Symptoms: • Recurrent episodes of bingeing and vomiting • Feeling out of control during a binge • Purging after a binge • Frequent dieting • Extreme concern with body weight and shape

  14. 12 Modes of Purging: • Emetics • Diuretics • Laxatives • Fasts • Enemas • Diet Pills • Chewing for hours and then spitting out the food • Excessive Exercise

  15. 12 Medical Consequences of Bulimia: • Hypoglycemia • Neurological Abnormalities • Lethargy, inactivity, lowered metabolism • Spontaneous Regurgitation • Dental Erosion • Abscesses and sores in mouth • Hiatal Hernia • Hypokalemia • Substances abuse of laxatives and diuretics

  16. 12 Treatment for Eating Disorders: • Psychotherapy • Behavior Modification Therapy • Family Therapy • Antidepressants • Appetite Suppressants

  17. 12 PERSONALITY DISORDERS • Antisocial • Avoidant • Borderline • Dependent • Histrionic • Narcissistic • Obsessive-Compulsive • Paranoid • Passive-Aggressive • Schizoid • Schizotypal

  18. 12 SUICIDE RISK FACTORS • Adverse life events in addition with depression • Prior suicide attempt • Family history of mental disorder or substance abuse • Family history of suicide • Family violence, including physical or sexual abuse • Firearms in home • Incarceration • Exposure to suicidal behavior of others

  19. 12 FACTORS AFFECTING MENTAL HEALTH • Biological Factors • Genetic predisposition, abnormal brain structure function, irregular activity of neurotransmitters/hormones • Social and Psychosocial Factors • Low incomes, low levels of education, poor employment environments, low self-esteem, gender roles and stereotypes, discrimination, individual personality traits, tragic events • Stress • Daily hassles to life-altering events, internalization of stress • Stages of Life

  20. 12 INFORMED DECISION MAKING METHODS OF COPING • Maintain a good support system • Make time for pleasurable activities • Avoid using food, drugs, alcohol for mood enhancers • Develop positive thinking techniques • Learn to control anger, but not suppress it • Practice body acceptance • Get a good night’s sleep and practice relaxation techniques

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