Not Happy with your Grade?

1. ECEN5553 Telecom SystemsDr. George Scheets Week #7Read [13a] "Facebook & Your Privacy" [13b] "Security Software"[13c] "America's Critical Infrastructure Security Response System is Broken“[15] “Market drivers and implementation options for 100-GBE transport over the WAN”Exam #1 Results (Based moslty on Live Site scores) Hi = 80.7, Low = 41.8, Average = 65.26 A > 78, B > 64, C > 55, D > 46 (Tentative)Outline (12 October, Live Sites) DL no later than 19 October Exam #2 (2 November – Live)Async DL no later than 9 November

2. Not Happy with your Grade? • Did you use the test space provided? • Memory dump in the space provided. • Did the instructor walk away with the feeling you could've said more? • Did you start studying well in advance of the test? • Did you read the required articles? • If your answer is no to any of the above, you know what you need to do for the next test. • Disagree with the scoring? • See me prior <1 week after you receive graded exam.

3. OutlinesReceiveddue 12 October (live)By 19 October (DL) 26 %

4. Internet Service Provider Backbone A Trunks Leased Line B C ISP Router ISP ‘Cloud’ Full Duplex Trunks use StatMux & Packet Switching

5. THEN: ISP using Frame Relay VC's for Trunk Connections A ISP Router FR Trunks FRVC C Leased Line ISP Trunk FR Switch B Frame Relay ‘Cloud’

6. NOW: ISP using Leased Linesfor Trunk Connections A ISP Router Trunks C Circuit Leased Line ISP Trunk Cross Connect Circuit Switched TDM B

7. NOW: ISP using Light Wavesfor Trunk Connections A ISP Router Trunks C Circuit Fiber Optics ISP Trunk Optical Switch B

8. Frame Relay Backbone A Trunks Leased Line B C FR Switch

9. THEN: FR using Leased Linesfor Trunk Connections FR Switch A Trunks C Circuit Leased Line ISP Trunk Cross Connect B

10. NOW: Frame Relay using MPLS VC's for Trunk Connections A ISP Router FR Switch ISP Trunks MPLSVC C Leased Line FR Trunk B ISP ‘Cloud’

11. Frame Relay as a Corporate Backbone... • More Secure than the Commodity Internet • Can move a lot of data rapidly (if you pay for proper CIR and burst rate) • Is marginal for moving time sensitive traffic • Generally Cheaper for data than Leased Lines Fewer access lines required Backbone has higher Carrying Capacity

12. Commodity Internet Performance Number of dropped packets Average Delay for delivered packets 0% 100% Trunk Offered Load

13. QoS • DE bit used by FR switches to police network • Traffic > CIR enters switch in a 1 second interval? Marked DE • If you are behaving......and other users exceed their CIR’s......and FR switch becomes congested......then other users’ traffic gets dumped 1st......your traffic is protected. • Helps shelter you from behavior of others

14. Frame Relay Performance Number of dropped packets* Average Delay for delivered packets 0% 100% Trunk Offered Load *Dashed: If we are transmitting at > CIR Solid: Provided we are transmitting at < CIR Some protection from behavior of others. Internet priorities provide somewhat similar effect.

15. Ex) Frame RelayMore Secure than Internet Detroit ISP PVC, OKC - Detroit Carrier Frame Relay Network Company X OKC PVC, NYC - OKC NYC Company X Cannot access us thru FR net. Router Can get at us thru Internet.

16. ATM • OSI Layer 2 Protocol • Uses Cell Switching5 bytes overhead, 48 bytes traffic • Capable of hauling all types of traffic (voice, data, & video) • Works at any speed, any distance • Uses Virtual Circuits

17. ATM • 7 Application • 6 Presentation • 5 Session TCP • 4 Transport TCP • 3 NetworkIP • 2 Data Link ATM • 1 Physical Usually SONET

18. MULTIPLEXING StatMux TDM FDM Circuit SWITCHING Packet Cell X X ATM uses Cell Switching

19. Different channels use all of the frequency some of the time, at random, as needed. StatMuxATM Version frequency 1 empty 2 Can also use TDM. 1 3 empty time 1

20. ATM Cell Format (NNI) 5 48 ATM Header Layer 3-7 informationSAR Overhead Carrier ATM Core Header includes: 28 Bits of Addressing Information 3 Bit Payload Type 1 Bit Cell Loss Priority (similar to FR DE bit)8 Bit Header Error Control

21. ATM Cell Format (NNI) 5 48 • ATM addresses are locally unique(Between ATM entities) • Ditto Frame Relay & MPLS • IP addresses & Ethernet MAC addresses are globally unique ATM Header Layer 3-7 informationSAR Overhead

22. Three reasons to consider ATM back in the 1990's... • Your network is moving mixed traffic • You get a good deal $$$$ • You need sheer SPEED

23. ATM at the desktop... • Your network is moving mixed traffic • No. Moving mostly data. • You need sheer SPEED • No. Ethernet is fast enough • You get a good deal $$$$ • No. Ethernet is cheaper

24. ATM on the carrier backbone... • Your network is moving mixed traffic • yes in 90's (voice & data) • not so true in early 00's (data) • becoming true in late 00's (data & video) • becoming not so true in early 10's (video) • You need sheer SPEED • yes in 90's, not true now • You get a good deal $$$$ • competitive in 90's, R&D has stopped

25. Virtual Circuit Set UpMPLS, Frame Relay, ATM, Carrier Ethernet • Client requests connectivity from Carrier • Provides endpoints • Specifies Service Level Agreement desired • Carrier arranges for connectivity to POP • Routing algorithm determines path through network • Appropriate Switches Notified • Look Up Tables Updated

26. Virtual Circuit Set UpMPLS, Frame Relay, ATM, Carrier Ethernet • As appropriate, switches reserve • Buffer Space • Trunk Bandwidth • Insufficient Resources? • Call is rejected/rerouted

27. LAN LAN LAN PC Server ATM Backbone VC #2 VC #1 ATM Switch Suppose we need to connect three LAN's. PC

28. LAN LAN LAN PC Server ATM Backbone ATM 177 B A ATM 375 ATM 177 2 ATM 526 1 Switch #1 Look Up table includes: Cells on line from Router A? *Address = 375? Change to Address 177 and place on line to Switch 2 *Address = 526? Change to Address 617 and place on line to Switch 4 ATM 617 ATM Switch 4 3 ATM 375 C Server

29. LAN LAN LAN PC Server Frame Relay & MPLS VC's B A Operate in a Similar Manner. Swapping out locally unique addresses. C Server

30. ATM Hookups • Customer Viewpoint:WAN see Frame Relay, MPLS • Carrier Viewpoint: • See Frame Relay, MPLS • 2.5 Gbps are fastest trunks available • Traffic Policing • Somewhat similar to Frame Relay • VBR & ABR Cells marked as compliant or not • Switch Congested? Drop UBR, then non-compliant VBR & ABR

31. ATM PerformanceDepends on CoS being used UBR Number of dropped cells ABR* VBR-nrt* & VBR-rt* CBR 0% 100% Trunk Offered Load *Provided we are following traffic contract

32. ATM Performance Delays of delivered cells UBR ABR* VBR-nrt* & VBR-rt* CBR 0% 100% Trunk Offered Load *Provided we are following traffic contract

33. Switched Network Carrying Capacities Carrying Capacity Packet Switch StatMux Cell Switch StatMux Circuit Switch TDM 0% Bursty 100% Bursty 100% Fixed Rate 0% Fixed Rate Offered Traffic Mix

34. U.S. ATM Revenues $ M Members Source: November 2005 IEEE Communications Magazine

35. Frame Relay & IP over ATM Carrier Frame Relay Switch Trunks ATM VC Leased Line Carrier Backbone ATM Switch ISP Router Many FR & ISP trunks were provided by ATM Virtual Circuits.

36. LAN LAN LAN OSU Campus Network ('95 - '01) OneNet 802.3 LAN OC-3, then OC-12 Trunks 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN ATM Switch ATM-Ethernet Switch

37. LAN LAN LAN OSU Campus Network (> 2001) OneNet Ethernet Switch 802.3 LAN 1 Gbps Ethernet 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN Routers

38. LAN LAN LAN OSU Campus Network (2007) OneNet Ethernet Switch 802.3 LAN 1 &10 Gbps Ethernet 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN Routers

39. LAN LAN LAN LAN Ethernet MAN/WAN 802.3 LAN • Carrier Switches would only see 9 Router MAC addresses Carrier Ethernet 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN Routers

40. LAN LAN LAN LAN Ethernet MAN/WAN 802.3 LAN • Carrier switches would see all PC MAC addresses. Potentially too many! Carrier Ethernet 802.3 LAN 802.3 LAN

41. 802.3 Ethernet Packet Format Bytes: 6 6 2 MAC Destination Address MAC Source Address 20 20 6-1460 4 IP TCP Data + Padding CRC

42. Carrier Ethernet Packet (Simplified) Bytes: 6 6 2 6 6 2 • Carrier Edge switches prepend customer Ethernet frames with provider frames. • # Carrier MAC addresses = # Carrier edge switches Carrier MAC Destination Address Carrier MAC Source Address MAC Destination Address Carrier VLAN Tag MAC Source Address 20 20 6-1460 4 IP TCP Data + Padding CRC

43. LAN LAN LAN Carrier Ethernet WAN/MAN LAN LAN Ethernet Switch Every Carrier Switch is an Edge Switch here. Edge Switches learn MAC addresses of serviced end end devices. E1 must learn Yellow & Orange MAC & VLAN addresses. LAN E1 LAN LAN LAN

44. Carrier Ethernet Switching (Simplified) • Unicast packet arrives with unknown customer destination MAC address • Source Carrier Edge SwitchExaminesCustomer VLAN tag & source MAC address Maps toCarrier VLAN tag Carrier Edge Switch MAC addressAppends Carrier Header • Destination Carrier Edge SwitchExamines & Removes Carrier HeaderForwards based on Customer MAC address

45. Carrier Ethernet Switching (Simplified) • Broadcast packet arrives • Source Carrier Edge SwitchExaminesCustomer VLAN tag & source MAC address Maps toCarrier VLAN tag Carrier Edge Switch MAC address(es)Appends Carrier HeaderSelectively Floods • Destination Carrier Edge SwitchExamines & Removes Carrier HeaderForwards based on Customer VLAN

46. Carrier Ethernet Status • 2009 U.S. Market Revenue $1.5 Billion • 2010 $3.2 Billion • 2011 $4 Billion (estimated) • 2016 $11.1 Billion (projected) • Wireless backhaul a major growth area source: www.accedian.com/

47. MAN/WAN Connectivity Options • Ethernet • Switches are Ethernet frame aware • I/O decisions based on Layer 2 Ethernet Address • Virtual Circuits can be used • StatMux • BW required based more so on average input rates • Pricing function of peak rate, CIR, priority, and maybe distance • 21st century version of Frame Relay

48. Connectivity Options • Ethernet LAN • Switches are frame (Ethernet packet) aware • Shared hubs are bit aware • StatMux • BW required based more so on average input rates • Usually only one path through system • Switch look-up table updates dependent upon traffic • Pricing a function of line speed

49. LAN Backbone Trunks Ethernet Frame Aware Access Line Ethernet Switch StatMux, Packet Switched Network, Full/Half Duplex Trunks. Access lines mostly attach to PC's, servers, printers, Ethernet Hubs & Switches, & routers.

50. WAN Connectivity Options • Leased Line Network • Switches are byte aware • I/O decisions on a byte-by-byte basis • Could be considered a "Layer 1.5" device • Circuit… • Dedicated resources • Routing thru system determined in advance • … is assigned trunk BW via TDM • BW required is based on peak input rates • Pricing a function of distance & peak rate