Reconstruction & the Gilded Age: Rebuilding America after the Civil War

1. United States History 2 Standards 10—12: Reconstruction & the Gilded Age

2. United States History Standard 10: • Identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. • Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Reconstruction. • Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South, provide education, and the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. • Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. • Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality • Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction.

3. America After the Civil War: 1865-1900 Industrialization & Urbanization Ranching, Mining, & Farming Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow Segregation

4. Reconstruction (1865-1877) • When the North won the Civil War in 1865, the era of Reconstruction began Should the president, as commander-in-chief, be in charge? What branchof governmentis in charge ofReconstruction? How should the North bring the South back into the Union? Quickly, to show Americans that they are willing to forgive? “Old South” based on cotton farming with blacks as workers? Should freed blacks be given the right to vote? Should Congress be in charge because the Constitution gives it power to let territories in as states? Slowly, to make sure the South doesn’t try to secede again? “New South” with textile factories & railroads with paid labor? How do you protect blacks against racists whites in the South? How should the North rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? How should the North integrate and protect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

5. Reconstruction Plans Made it illegal for blacks to get certain jobs that competed with whites • Andrew Johnson began Presidential Reconstruction which allowed the South to be readmitted quickly: • States could come back into the USA once states ratified the 13th Amendment (outlawing slavery) & created a new state constitution • From 1865 to 1867, southerners created black codes to keep African-Americans inferior Blacks could be jailed to forced to work for whites for free if they did not get jobs

6. “Old South” or “New South” ? • After 1865, new railroads & textile factories were built in the South but cottonwasstillthedominantindustry • Most blacks were tenant farmers (sharecroppers) working on land owned by whites & paying ¼ or ½ of their crops to their landlord • Thecropliensystemled to debt as blacks needed loans to buy tools & seeds; Most blacks were unable to leave their farms (like slaves!)

7. Reconstruction Plans • Because Johnson’s plan did not protect African-Americans from whites, Congress created a new plan called Radical Reconstruction: • The South was placed under military rule & divided into 5 zones • Southern states were forced to ratify the 14th & 15th Amendments • President Johnson interfered with this new plan & was the 1st president impeached by Congress

8. Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877) Created 5 military districts to enforce Reconstruction But, Radical Reconstruction was not adequate to enforce equality in the South Black codes were common in many parts of the South A secret society called the Ku Klux Klan was created to keep blacks inferior & return “Redeemer Democrats” to power

9. Reconstruction Legislation • From 1867 to 1877, blacks were protected & given rights as citizens • 13th Amendment ended slavery • 14th Amendment made it illegal to discriminate against people due to race, gender, religion • 15th Amendment gave all black men the right to vote • Freedman’s Bureau created to provide food,40acres&amule,& schools for African-Americans

10. The End of Reconstruction • Reconstruction ended as a result of the Compromise of 1877: • When no candidate got more than 50% of the vote, Southern Democrats agreed to elect the Republican Rutherford Hayes • Republicans agreed to remove federal troops from the South • Without military protection, Southern Democrats returned to power & made sure blacks remained inferior

11. Jim Crow Era (1877 to 1965) • When Reconstruction ended: • Jim Crow laws required blacks & whites to use separate facilities in the South (segregation) • In Plessy v Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court said segregation was OK as long as facilities were “separate but equal” • The U.S. gov’t supported segregation laws until the 1950s

12. Jim Crow Era (1877 to 1965) • Jim Crow Laws were also designed to keep blacks from voting: • Literacy tests—required voters to be able to read (but requirements were different for whites & blacks) • Poll taxes—required people to pay a tax in order to vote • Grandfather clauses—allowed whites to avoid literacy test & poll taxes if their grandfathers or fathers were eligible to vote before 1865

13. The “Jim Crow” South from 1877 to 1965

14. During Reconstruction, most tenant farmers (sharecroppers) 10 • made a decent living farming their own land. • barely survived by farming the land they rented. • were forced to rent out their own land to other farmers. • were able to buy land to become successful farmers.

15. During this period “Radical Republicans” in Congress easily overrode President Andrew Johnson's vetoes and took charge of Reconstruction. 5 10 0 • Reformation • Presidential Reconstruction • Congressional Reconstruction • Radical Rebuilding

16. The Thirteenth Amendment ended 10 • slavery  • Black codes  • the Civil War  • Jim Crow Laws

17. Which of the following was NOT a goal of the Freedmen's Bureau? 10 • organize a labor unions for former slaves • provide former slaves with food and other assistance • protect former slaves from the white southerners • provide an education for former slaves

18. When President Andrew Johnson was “impeached” he was  10 • removed from office • placed in jail for breaking a law • unable to run for re-election • formally charged with wrong doing in office

19. Southern states passed laws known as “black codes” in an effort to   10 • restrict the freedom of African Americans. • encourage African Americans to leave the South. • meet Congress' conditions of readmission to the Union. • meet President Johnson's conditions to readmit the South.

20. This amendment states that no state could take away a citizen's life, liberty, and property "without due process of law." 10 • 13th Amendment • 14th Amendment • 15th Amendment • 16th Amendment

21. Which group used fear and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting in the South? 10 • Democratic Party  • Molly Maguires  • Ku Klux Klan  • Tammany Hall

22. The court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine was   10 • Marbury vs. Madison. • Dred Scott vs. Sanford. • Miranda vs. Arizona. • Plessy vs. Ferguson.

23. Reconstruction ended with the 10 • Compromise of 1877. • passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. • readmission of the first Southern state into the USA • readmission of the last Southern states into the USA

24. United States History Standard 11: • Describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction. • Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business. • Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor. • Identify John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil Co., and the rise of trusts and monopolies

25. United States History Standard 12: • Analyze important consequences of American industrial growth. • Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America • Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers • Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans

26. America After the Civil War: 1865-1900 The West: Farmers, ranchers, & miners closed the last of the frontier at the expense of Indians

27. Mining was the 1st attraction to the West; Miners created “instant towns” in areas where gold or silver was discovered

28. Ranchers used the “open range” to move cattle & sheep

29. The Farming Bonanza 2/3 of all homesteaders failed to farm their land • In 1862, the U.S. government began the Homestead Act which encouraged farmers to settle in the West by offering 160 acres of land to families who promised to live there for 5 years A pioneer sod house

30. Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the western leg 1sttranscontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869

31. Native Americans in the West: Major Battles & Reservations • Little Big Horn (1876)—Sioux surrounded & killed U.S. Army division led by Custer • Wounded Knee (1890)—Indians were killed to stop performance of Ghost Dance

32. The Original Native Americans Indian tribes retained only a few reservations set aside by the U.S. government

33. America After the Civil War: 1865-1900 The North: Experienced an “Industrial Revolution,” mass immigration, & urbanization

34. America became the world’s leader in railroads, steel, & oil production

35. “Big Business” The “Bosses” of the Senate • The Gilded Age saw rise of monopolies (also called trusts)—companies that controlled the majority of one industry: • Rockefeller’s Standard Oil dominated oil production in the USA • Carnegie’s U.S. Steel was the world’s largest steel company

36. Vertical & Horizontal Integration

37. “New Immigration” & Urbanization • Northern cities grew larger (urbanization) as more factories, companies, & stores were created • “New immigrants” from southern & eastern Europe came to NY through Ellis Island to get jobs • Steel skyscrapers, subways, & trolley cars transformed cities • Many upper class families moved into suburbs

38. “New Immigration” & Urbanization New York City in 1907 Before the Gilded Age, almost all European immigrants to the USA came from Western Europe During the Gilded Age, more Eastern & Southern Europeans immigrated to the USA “New immigrants” arrived at Ellis Island in NY • Northern cities grew larger (urbanization) as more factories, companies, & stores were created • “New immigrants” from southern & eastern Europe came to NY through Ellis Island to get jobs • Steel skyscrapers, subways, & trolley cars transformed cities • Many upper class families moved into suburbs

39. Workers in the Gilded Age • Working conditions in factories were unsafe & workers were paid very little but worked long hours • Many urban workers lived in poorly built tenement apartments • Unions were formed to try to help workers; the most successful was Samuel Gompers’ American Federation of Labor (AFL) but this union was exclusive only allowing skilled, white, male workers to join

40. Anti-Asian Restrictions • As competition for jobs became more difficult, Americans began to discriminate against Asian immigrants, especially in the West • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 banned all Chinese immigration to the USA (lasted for 60 years) • Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan in 1907 led to fewer Japanese immigrants to the USA

41. This labor union (created by Samuel Gompers) was open only to skilled, white male workers 24 10 11 • American Federation of Labor. • Knights of Labor. • Wobblies. • National Workers Association.

42. Poor, run-down urban housing was also called: 24 10 11 • slums • tenements • suburbs • skyscrapers

43. The outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the 10 • Battle of Little Big Horn • Battle of Potowanamie Creek • Massacre at Sand Creek. • Battle of Wounded Knee.

44. The two factors that did most to stimulate rapid western settlement were 10 • the gold rush and cattle economy • the Homestead Act and the railroad • removal of the buffalo and Native Americans from the plains • the removal of the Indians and the gold rush

45. Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil: 0 • interlocking directorate • buying stocks “on the margin” • labor unions • horizontal integration

46. Which population trend occurred in the U.S. from 1860 to 1920? 0 • fewer Eastern & Southern European immigrants coming to America • the growth of the suburbs • people moved from the North to the South • growth in American cities