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Only the Strong Survive: Realpolitik & the Age of Unification

Only the Strong Survive: Realpolitik & the Age of Unification. The Great Decision of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions…but by blood and iron. - Otto von Bismarck 1815-1898. The Vacation that Changed History. Bad Ems, 1870 Wilhelm I

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Only the Strong Survive: Realpolitik & the Age of Unification

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  1. Only the Strong Survive:Realpolitik & the Age of Unification The Great Decision of the time will notbe resolved by speeches and majoritydecisions…but by blood and iron. - Otto von Bismarck 1815-1898

  2. The Vacation that Changed History Bad Ems, 1870 Wilhelm I Benedetti Ems Dispatch

  3. Too many Hohenzollerns The eve of the Franco-Prussian War, 1870

  4. The Chancellor and the Emperor The legacy of ’48 Bismarck Napoleon

  5. Age of Competition Among/within states…Realpolitik Between classes…Marxist theory Within nature…Darwinian model

  6. Limits of…Universalism (Renaissance)the Enlightenment – rationalismLiberalism Extension of…NationalismRomanticism - irrationalism

  7. I. Ideology and Political Re-Alignment National power, mass politics

  8. A. Napoleon complex • July Monarchy 1830 – 1848- Louise-Philippe • Banquet Revolution of 1848- Ideology and famine- moderates (constitutional reforms) - radicals (universal suffrage; social programs) Second Republic

  9. 3. The Alliance folds - Louis Blanc & the Luxembourg Commission - The June Days Louis-Napoleon(Napoleon III)

  10. 4. The Second Empire1852-1870 - urban renewal - Imperial expansion “mass” politics

  11. B. Crisis in America 1. Manifest Destiny- Romanticism v. Conspiracy 2. Mexican-American War1846-48- Wilmot Proviso 1846 James K. Polk

  12. C. What did they want? 1. Liberal - states are a projection of individual rights 2. Romantic- states are the projection of a “nation” 3. Conservative- new states should reflect established social order

  13. 4. Realpolitik Power, not ideology, should govern states, diplomacy • Protect geopolitical interests- Protect domestic power “political power flows from the barrel of a gun” - Mao Zedong

  14. II. The Crimean War Limits of the “Concert of Europe”

  15. A. The Great Game 1. Russian expansion- Suez Canal (1857)- Nicholas & Napoleon

  16. B. Power vacuum 1. Trouble in the East - Siberia - Sepoy Mutiny “British Raj”

  17. 2. Central Europe

  18. III. The Unification of Germany

  19. The Man Who Would Not Be Kaiser Frederick Wilhelm IV of PrussiaRevolution of 1848Liberal Nationalism “Crown from the Gutter”

  20. A. Romantic nationalism 1. Land and life- Johann von Herder Volkstum - geography, environment shape national character- “races” 2. Unification, path to greatness- Young Italy, Risorgimento The Nation/Race v. Liberal NationalismGiuseppe Mazzini

  21. B. The ’48ers • Frankfurt fail • Zeitgeist • Zollverein

  22. B. Otto von Bismarck 1. The reluctant nationalist - Junker- Prussian absolutism

  23. C. Greater or Lesser Germany • “Where is the German Fatherland?”- Hapsburgs- Liberal v. Romantic

  24. 2. Wars of Unification:- Denmark Schleswig-Holstein 1864 - Austria 1866 Von Clausewitz On War 1832- war as an extension of politics

  25. North German Confederation 3. The Catholic Question

  26. C. Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 1. Napoleon III - Second Empire 2. Spanish succession- Hohenzollerns 3. “Ems Dispatch”

  27. 4. New European hegemony - Railroads, timetables, industrialization

  28. D. The Second Reich 1871-1919 1. Kaiser Wilhelm I

  29. 2. Strong central government 3. Universal male suffrage and Reichstag 4. Reform, repression

  30. E. Kulturkampf 1870s 1. Weaken Catholic/Austrian influence 2. Growing suspicion of anyone not “racially” German 3. Ultra-nationalism, imperialism

  31. F. Fractured Republic 1. Third Republic 1870-1940- Paris Commune 2. Boulanger Affair 1889 3. Dreyfus Affair 1894-1906

  32. III. The (re)Unification of the United States Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877

  33. A. Liberal Nationalism 1. Election (Revolution) of 1860- coalition of bourgeoisie, entrepreneurial class, social progressives- vs. Southern “aristocracy”

  34. 2. Emancipation ProclamationSept. 1862 • The Gettysburg AddressNov. 1863- “nation” mentioned 5 times- “all men are created equal”- refers to Declaration, not to Articles • “Union” as a shield for liberty

  35. B. ReconstructionAmerica’s 2nd Revolution? • Presidential 1863-66- 13th Amendment 2. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction- Civil Rights Act of 1866- Freedmen’s bureau 3. 14th / 15th Amendment- dual citizenship- male suffrage

  36. 4. Needs of nationalism limit reform- Redemption [Kulturkampf] - Racial Radicalism “Iron and blood” “All power flows from the barrel of a gun”

  37. IV. Rome Reborn? Italian Unification

  38. A. The two Giuseppes • 1830/48 – Risorgimento Mazzini – republic Garibaldi – the Red Shirts 2. Organized grassroots resistance to intervention

  39. B. Kingdom of Sardinia • Count Cavour- strengthened monarchy- initiated liberal reforms- role in Crimean War 2. Feared influence of “Young Italy”, Red Shirts- Garibaldi overruns central, southern Italy- conflict with the Pope

  40. C. Unification comes • 1860, Cavour undercuts Garibaldi- radicals agree to Italian monarchy 2. Character of unification- greater local autonomy- Italy far less industrialized- weak bourgeoisie- weak liberal tradition – Church, aristocrats 3. Weakness leaves door open for extremismfascism, bolshevism, anarchism

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