Unit 4: Latin American Revolutions, Nationalism, and the Unification of Italy and Germany

1. Unit 4: Latin American Revolutions, Nationalism, and the Unification of Italy and Germany

2. From 1500 to 1800, Latin America was colonized by Europe, especially Spain Mercantilism is when the colonies provide raw materials and markets for the mother country. European nations used mercantilism to gain wealth from their American colonies • Reasons to colonize • Gold • God • Glory • Greed Catholic missionaries from Spain & France converted Indians

3. Colonial Society Divided • A Race and Class System • Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and authority • Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial government and society • Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army officers • Mestizos—have both European and Native American ancestry • Mulattos—have both European and African ancestry • Slaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of society

5. Quick Class Discussion: • Yes you must think a bit but it shouldn’t hurt too much • Which social group will lead these Latin American Revolutions? Why? • Where did they get the idea to revolt & create democracies?

6. By the late 1700s, Latin Americans were inspired to gain independence because of the success of the American & French Revolutions The ideas of the Enlightenment inspired independence especially among the well-educated Creole class

7. Latin American Revolutions

8. Revolutions in the Americas • Revolution in Hispaniola (Haiti) • Haiti is the first Latin American territory to gain freedom • Toussaint L’Ouverture leads 100,000 slaves against the French (1791) • Napoleon will send army to combat the Haitian Revolt. • Toussaint eventually dies in a French prison in 1803. • French soldiers weakened by outbreak of yellow fever.

9. Revolutions in Haiti • Haiti’s Independence • Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue (western third of Hispaniola) a country in 1804 • Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence • Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language • Emperor Jacques is assassinated in 1806 by disaffected members of his administration. • In 1820, Haiti became a republic.

10. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule • A Cry for Freedom Father Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810). • Creoles supported revolt at first, but then rejected Hidalgo’s call for an end to slavery. • 80,000 Indian and Mestizo followers march on Mexico City Jose Maria Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses • Both Hidalgo and Morelos were executed.

11. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule • Mexico’s Independence • Mexican creoles react; Augustin de Iturbide (a Mexican General) declares Mexico independent (1821) • Iturbide reigns briefly as emperor until March 1823. • Republic of Mexico setup. • In 1823, United Provinces of Central America breaks away from Mexico Agustín de Iturbide

12. Iturbide is credited with designing the first Mexican flag. (1821-1823) Today’s Flag of Mexico The tri-color flag is still used, and the presence of the eagle is also used in the modern flag of Mexico used since 1968.

13. Creoles Lead Independence • The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American revolutionaries • Creole Leaders • SimónBolívar “The Liberator”—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution • José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces

14. Bolivar’s 1807 return from Europe by way of the United States allowed him to study the American system of government. • In 1810, Bolivar went to London to seek support for the revolution in Latin America. At the same time, he studied British institutions of government.

15. Portraits of Bolivar and San Martin

16. Creoles Lead Independence • Bolívar’s Route to Victory • Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolivar wins war by 1821 • Liberates New Grenada (Columbia) and Ecuador. • San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces • Argentina is independent in 1816; San Martin helps free Chile • Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru in 1824.

17. Brazil’s Royal Liberator • A Bloodless Revolution • Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family moves to Brazil (1807) • Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat (1815) The Imperial Palace in Rio de Janeiro where King John VI of Portugal had transferred the Portuguese Royal Court to Brazil.

18. Brazil’s Royal Liberator • Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil • Dom Pedro accepts Brazilian’s request to rule their own country • He officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822) • He accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press, religion and an elected legislature. • By 1830, nearly all of Latin American regions win independence Pedro I of Brazil

19. Flag of the independent Empire of Brazil under Pedro I

20. European and American Reaction • British were interested in establishing commercial opportunities and prevented intervention from other Europeans in Latin America. • American President James Monroe demanded that Europeans stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. (Monroe Doctrine)

21. Throughout Latin America, new democratic republics were created But, Latin Americans did not have a history of self-government & many of the new gov’ts were unstable In many nations, military dictators called caudillos seized power & made few reforms for citizens Latin America became dependent on the USA

22. Clash of Philosophies • Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe • Conservative—landowners and nobles want traditional monarchies • Liberal—wealthy merchants and business owners want limited democracy • Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.

23. Conservatives • Wanted to return to the way things were before 1789 & The French Revolution. • Resist change • Want stability • Those who ruled Europe after the French Revolution were conservatives • The Concert of Europe (periodic meetings between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and France) was an attempt to limit revolution and maintain conservative control

24. Conservatives of the early 1800s • Preferred a social order where the lower classes respected and obeyed the upper classes • Most backed an established church (Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant) • Believed in slow change • They did not believe in natural rights or constitutional government • There was a real fear of “mob rule” • Most felt that the uneducated poor were not capable of intelligent rule

25. Metternich • Metternich of Austria felt that firm action was needed to maintain the status quo • Repress any revolutionary ideas • Control the press • Crush any protests • Send troops (even into neighboring countries) to suppress rebellion • Establish legitimacy of rule.

26. Liberals • Along with nationalists, opposed conservatives • Most were speaking for the bourgeoisie (middle class) • Wanted constitutions and separation of power, natural rights, a republican form of government, protection of property rights • Almost all opposed monarchies. • Heavily influenced by Enlightenment and the French and American Revolutions

27. Liberals (cont.) • Wanted universal manhood suffrage • Strongly supported laissez faire economics (remember, most of these were businessmen-so most were capitalists) • Therefore, many of these who supported “bourgeois liberalism” had different goals (as business owners) than did the workers in these factories

28. Nationalists • Wanted to do away with the artificial boundaries that had been set up for countries due to wars, treaties, dynastic marriages, etc. • Wanted to unify as a country due to a common heritage • A negative effect of nationalism was intolerance of minorities in a given area and, at times, persecution of other ethnic or national groups

29. Nationalism Develops • Nationalism and Nation-States • Nationalism—loyalty to a nation of people with common culture and history • Nation-State—nation with its own independent government • In 1815 Europe, only France, England and Spain are nation-states • Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but conservatives do not.

32. Central Europe Revolts • Rebellions erupted over the Balkan peninsula and along the southern fringe of Europe • The Serbs were the first to revolt • Led by Karageorge, they led a guerrilla war against the Ottomans (they were part of the Ottoman Empire) from 1804-1813 • He was unsuccessful, but stirred up intense Serbian nationalism

33. Serbia Gains Independence • Serbia gains autonomy, or self-rule under the leadership of Milos Obrenovic with the help of Russia • Russia was the largest Slavic country and looked upon Serbia as a little brother • Both were Slavic in language and both were Christian Orthodox in religion

34. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • “The Eastern Question”: Greeks Gain Independence • Balkans—region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. • Greece gets European help to gain independence from the Turks. • Britain and France send fleets. • Russia invades provinces of Moldavia and Walachia

35. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • The Ottoman Empire Weakens • Internal tensions among ethnic groups weaken the empire. • This resulted in the region being highly unstable, known as the “Balkan Powder Keg” • Seeing the Ottomans as weak, “the old man of Europe”, the other European powers moved in to take what they wanted, splitting the Empire up. • Russia moved around the Black Sea, Austria-Hungary grabbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while England and France moved to take the Middle East and North Africa.

36. Europe’s Reaction • Revolts occurred in Spain, Portugal, parts of Italy • Metternich urged rulers to crush any revolts in Europe • French and Austrian troops left their countries to smash uprisings in neighboring countries • They were successful at first, but the result was the people getting even more upset • Agitators and social reformers began urging workers to support socialism or other new ideas

37. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • 1830s Uprisings Crushed • Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts. • By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control

38. France Revolts Again • Louis XVIII was put back on the French throne, but allowed a constitution and 2 house legislature • When he died, his son Charles X, an absolutist, suspended the legislature, limited the press, and limited the right to vote • Paris reacted violently

39. Radicals Change France • Conservative Defeat • In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy • The Third Republic • In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic • Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government • 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament

40. The King Runs • Radicals and liberals threw up barricades and threw stones and roof tiles at the soldiers • They soon controlled Paris, and the king fled to England • Liberals refused the radicals call for a republic and set up a “citizen king”, Louis Philippe (a cousin of Charles X) forming a constitutional monarchy

41. Louis Philippe • Louis Philippe was called the “citizen king” because he owed his power to the people, especially the bourgeoisie • He dressed like them, in a frock coat and top hat, and strolled the streets, talking with them • His government was filled with liberals and the upper bourgeoisie prospered (with his policies favoring them over their workers)

42. Turmoil in France • Louis Philippe’s government was corrupt • Socialists called for an end to private property • The country entered a recession • poor harvests led to higher bread prices • Factories closed and unemployment increased • Newspapers blamed the government • The government moved to suppress critics and stop private meetings

43. February Days • People again took to the streets with barricades • Fighting erupted between the people and the army • As it got worse, Louis Philippe abdicated and fled to England • Socialists started a new republic (The Second Republic) • There were problems from the beginning; liberals wanted moderate reforms, socialists wanted sweeping reforms and forced the government to set up government-supported workshops for the poor

44. June Days • By June (about 4 months later), upper and middle class factions had gained control of the government • They viewed the workshops as a waste of money and shut them down • Workers rioted and bourgeois liberals attacked them • They were joined by peasants who feared that the socialists might take their land • 1500 died before the government took control

45. France Is Divided • The fighting from June Days left France deeply divided • The middle class hated and feared the socialists and the workers hated the bourgeoisie • Again, people want order, so the National Assembly issued a constitution, created a strong president and one-house legislature

46. Radicals Change France • France Accepts a Strong Ruler • Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected president • Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor. • He promotes industrialization.

47. A New Bonaparte • Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon was elected by appealing to the working man and on the basis of his famous name • People wanted stability and Napoleon had brought stability to France • Like his famous uncle, he declared himself emperor (with the support of the people-by means of a plebiscite)-Napoleon III

48. “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold” - Metternich • What does this mean?

49. Belgium and Holland • The Congress of Vienna tried to combine the two countries into a strong barrier to the French in the north • This, obviously, was an artificial barrier for the good of the conservatives in containing France

50. The Belgians React • The Belgian people were very unhappy with this situation • They were Catholic, the Dutch were Protestant • They had different languages and customs • They were manufacturers, the Dutch were traders • They reacted by throwing up barricades, threatened revolt, and demanded independence