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PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS , CONJUNCTIONS , and INTERJECTIONS

PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS , CONJUNCTIONS , and INTERJECTIONS. PRONOUNS. Pronouns. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. An antecedent is the noun that the pronoun refers to or replaces. All pronouns have antecedents.

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PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS , CONJUNCTIONS , and INTERJECTIONS

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  1. PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, and INTERJECTIONS

  2. PRONOUNS

  3. Pronouns • A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. • An antecedent is the noun that the pronoun refers to or replaces. All pronouns have antecedents. The speaker coughed and reached for the glass of water. When the glass reached his lips, he noticed a fly that has “swimming” in the water. (Speaker is the antecedent of his and he; fly is the antecedent of that.)

  4. Pronouns Classes of Pronouns • There are several classes of pronouns: personal, reflexive and intensive, relative, indefinite, interrogative, demonstrative, and reciprocal.

  5. Personal Pronouns • A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing. Marge started her car; she drove the antique convertible to Monterey where she hoped to sell it at an auction.

  6. Personal Pronouns • Personal pronouns are grouped into three categories: • Simple: I, you, he, she, it, we, they • Compound: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves • Phrasal: one another, each other

  7. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding –self or –selves to a personal pronoun. A reflexive pronoun can act as a direct object or an indirect object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or a predicate nominative.

  8. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns -Charles loves himself. (direct object of loves) -Charles gives himself A’s for fashion sense. (indirect object of gives) -Charles smiles at himself in store windows. (object of preposition at) -Charles can be himself anywhere. (predicate nominative)

  9. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns • An intensive pronoun intensifies, or emphasizes, the noun or pronoun it refers to. Leo himself taught his children to invest their lives in others. The lesson was sometimes painful—but they learned it themselves.

  10. Relative Pronouns • A relative pronoun relates an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun it modifies. (The noun is italicized in each example below; the relative pronoun is in bold.) Freshmenwho believe they have a lot to learn are absolutely right. Just navigating this campus, which is huge, can be challenging.

  11. Indefinite Pronouns • An indefinite pronoun refers to unnamed or unknown people, places, or things. Everyone seemed amused when I was searching for my classroom in the student center. (The antecedent of everyone is unnamed) Nothing is more unnerving than rushing last minute into the wrong room for the wrong class. (The antecedent of nothing is unknown)

  12. Indefinite Pronouns • An indefinite pronoun refers to unnamed or unknown people, places, or things. Note: Most indefinite pronouns are singular, so when they are used as subjects, they should have singular verbs.

  13. Interrogative Pronouns • An interrogative pronoun asks a question. So which will it be—highlighting and attaching a campus map to the inside of your backpack, or being lost and late for the first two weeks?

  14. Demonstrative Pronouns • A demonstrative pronoun points out people, places, or things. We advise this: bring along as many maps and schedules as you need. Those are useful tools. That is the solution.

  15. Demonstrative Pronouns • A demonstrative pronoun points out people, places, or things. Note: When a demonstrative pronoun modifies a noun (instead of replacing it), it functions as an adjective: this teacher, that test.

  16. Forms of Personal Pronouns • The form of a personal pronoun indicates its number (singular or plural), its person (first, second, or third), its case (nominative, possessive, or objective), and its gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, or indefinite).

  17. Number of Pronouns • A person pronoun is either singular (I, you, he, she, it) or plural (we, you, they) in number. He should have a budget and stick to it. (singular) We can help new students learn about budgeting. (plural)

  18. Person of Pronouns • The person of a pronoun indicates whether the person is speaking (first person), is spoken to (second person), or is spoken about (third person).

  19. Person of Pronouns • First person is used to name the speaker(s). I know I need to handle my stress in a healthful way, especially during exam week; my usual chips-and-donuts binge isn’t helping. (singular) We all decided to bike to the tennis court. (plural)

  20. Person of Pronouns • Second person is used to name the person(s) spoken to. Maria, you grab the rackets, okay? (singular) John and Tanya, can you find the water bottles? (plural)

  21. Person of Pronouns • Third person is used to name the person(s) or thing(s) spoken about. Today’s students are interested in wellness issues. They are concerned about theirhealth, fitness, and nutrition. (plural) Maria practices yoga and feels she is calmer for her choice. (singular) One of the advantages of regular exercise is that it raises one’s energy level. (singular)

  22. Case of Pronouns • The case of each pronoun tells how it is related to the other words within a sentence. There are three cases: nominative, possessive, and objective.

  23. Case of Pronouns • Nominative case describes a pronoun used as a subject. The following are nominative forms: I, you, she, it, we, they. He found an old map in the trunk. My friend and I went biking. (not me) • A pronoun in the nominative case when it is used as a predicate noun (predicate nominative) following a form of the be verb (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been). It was he who discovered electricity. (not him)

  24. Case of Pronouns • Possessive case describes a pronoun that shows possession or ownership: my, mine, our, ours, his, hers, their, their, its, your, yours. That coat is hers. This coat is mine. Your coat is lost.

  25. Case of Pronouns • Objective case describes a pronoun used as the direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition: me, you, him, her, it, us, them. Professor Adler hired her. (Her is the direct object of the verb hired.) He showed Mary and me the language lab. (Me is the indirect object of the verb showed.) He introduced the three of us—Mary, Shavonn, and me—to the faculty. (Us is the direct object of the preposition of; me is part of the appositive of the object us.)

  26. Gender of Pronouns • The gender of a pronoun indicates whether the pronoun is masculine, feminine, neuter, or indefinite. Masculine:Neuter (without sex): he, him, his it, its Feminine: Indefinite (ms. or fm.) she, her, hers they, them, their

  27. PREPOSITIONS

  28. Preposition • A preposition is a word (or group of words) that shows the relationship between its object (a noun or pronoun following the preposition) and another word in the sentence.

  29. Preposition Regarding your reasons for going to college, do they all hinge on getting a good job after graduation? (Here, reasons, going, college, getting, and graduation are objects of their preceding prepositions regarding, for, to, on, and after.)

  30. Prepositional Phrases • A preposition phrase includes the preposition, the object of the preposition, and the modifies of the object. A prepositional phrase may function as an adverb or adjective.

  31. Prepositional Phrases A broader knowledge of the world is one benefit of higher education. (The two phrases function as adjectives modifying the nouns knowledge and benefit, respectively.) Exercising your brain may safeguard against atrophy. (The phrase functions as an adverb modifying the verb safeguard.)

  32. Object of Preposition • A preposition never appears alone—it needs an object. If a word found in the list of prepositions appears in a sentence, but has no object, it is not a preposition. It is probably an adverb. Natasha never had a mustache before. (Before is used as an adverb in this sentence because it modifies had, a verb.)

  33. CONJUNCTIONS

  34. Conjunction • A conjunction connects individual words or word groups. When we came back to Paris, it was clear and cold and lovely.

  35. Coordinating Conjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions usually connect a word to a word, a phrase to a phrase, or a clause to a clause. The words, phrases, or clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction are equal in importance or are of the same type. Civilization is a race between education and catastrophe.

  36. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative conjunctions are a type of coordinating conjunction used in pairs. There are two inadvisable ways to think: either believe everything or doubt everything.

  37. Subordinating Conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions connect two clauses that are not equally important. A subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause. Experience is the worst teacher; it gives the test before it presents the lesson. (The clause before it presents the lesson is dependent. It connects to the independent it gives the test.)

  38. INTERJECTIONS

  39. Interjection • An interjection communicates strong emotion or surprise (oh, ouch, hey, and so on). Punctuation (often a comma or an exclamation point) is used to set off an interjection. Hey! Wait! Well, so much for catching the bus.

  40. PRONOUNS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, and INTERJECTIONS

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