Englishes: British, Scottish, Global

Englishes: British, Scottish, Global

Dialect, idiolect, sociolect Received Pronunciation (RP) (Received) Standard English, Oxford English, Public School English, BBC English „talking proper/posh”; „la-di-dah” 1791: Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (John Walker) Education Act of 1870: rise of public schools

„He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes and a dark-coloured anorak. He carried a walking stick and spoke with a good accent, the police say.” • „It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. Shaw) • Paul Scott: The Jewel in the Crown (Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick)

Dialects, RP and society • Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles: • Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the National School under a London-trained mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect at home, more or less, ordinary English abroad and to persons of quality” • dialect - accent • Non-standard language: vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation

I didn’t have no dinner tonight. I seen an accident before I come here. Our teacher can’t learn us nothing. (OE ‘leornian’) I shall stay here while she comes. („Wait while lights flash.”)

Cockney English „cockeneyes”, „cockenay” (Bow Bells) • dropping the aitch („That’s an ‘edgeog. It’s really two words. ‘Edge and ‘og. Both begin with an aitch.”) • diphthongs: fate, great, high, why, don’t • about – abaht; thousand – fahsn, Gawd • the glottal stop • the linking ‘r’ • v and w • ‘th’ sounds (Fevvers, muvver, barf, fahsn) • question tags („innit”) • intonation, pitch, tone („Ay-ee, Ba-yee, Cy-ee”)

sources of Cockney Romany: pal, chavvy, mush Yiddish: shemozzle, nosh Arabic and other Oriental: bint, cushy, dekko, shufti, doolally French (WW2): parleyvoo, San fairy ann, toot sweet Mate, chum, guvnor, cock, love Blimey (Gorblimey), Cor, Wotcha aggro

Literary Cockney • Sam Weller in Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers (Wellerisms: „Bevare of vidders”) • G. B. Shaw: Pygmalion • Kipling: Barrack-Room Ballads • East Enders (soap); Only Fools and Horses (sitcom)

Cockney slang • Adam and Eve • Brahms and Liszt • Rosy Lee • trouble and strife • butcher’s; cobbler’s • Jimmy Riddle; Bristols • to rabbit; raspberry • Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury Crag • BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis)

Geordie English talk, walk – wahk Clear ‘l’ Uvular ‘r’ Don’t, goat, know Down, town

Scouse(r) English • „lobscouse” • Fair=fur, spare=spur • Singing • Pin, sing • ‘r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry) • Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun) • k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/ • Adenoidal speech • Brookside (soap opera)

Yorkshire dialect • Fast, car, path • House, down – hoos, doon • Up, cut, much • ‘th’ sounds • Summat • Norse words: beck, lake (laik)

Scottish English, Scots ‘r’ sound („rhotic”) (laird, beard, bird) Vowel length rule Rise vs rice, brewed vs brood, Do, poor, use – boot, tool Voiceless velar fricative (loch) Where, while

Scots • Gaelic: glarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn, clachan, capercailzie, slogan • ceilidh, slainte • Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch, glaikit • Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass, lowp, maun • Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft

Literary Scots (Lallans Scots) • Robert Burns (18th cent.) • Scottish Renaissance (1920-s, 30s) • Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane

India Hindi loanwords: bungalow, pundit, pukka, juggernaut, jungle, the Hobson-Jobson (dictionary, 1886) Three Language Formula

South Africa: Afrikaans trek, spoor, veldt • Jamaica and West Indies: Creole „Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat so.” Singlish West Africa: Krio Pidgin Englishes (eg. Tok Pisin in New Guinea)

Englishes: British, Scottish, Global