Psy1302 Psychology of Language

1. Psy1302 Psychology of Language Lecture 14 & 15 Speech Production

2. Comprehension vs. Production

3. Comprehension vs. Production S NP VP V NP <the> <dog> <chased> <the> <cat> /th/.../uh/.../d/.../ah/.../g/.../ch/...etc.

4. Creating Sentences • Our brain does not store all sentences we might ever need to produce. • We must construct and plan our speech using our knowledge of language • The main issue of speech production concern the processes by which units come to be selected and then combined in a particular order.

5. Studying Speech Production • HOW? • Can we find evidence that we build structure on the fly? • Yes...e.g. Slips of the Tongue • Much of our initial knowledge of speech production comes from • Slips of the tongue • Tip of the tongue phenomenon • Disfluencies

6. Slips of the TongueFreudian Slips Presidential Slip during campaign (Reported in Newsweek, 1992): I don’t want to run the risk of ruining what is a lovely recession. “reception” not “recession”

7. Slips of the TongueMalapropisms Webster definition: the usually unintentionally humorous misuse or distortion of a word or phrase Origin: slips named after Mrs. Malaprop (mal à propos), a fictional character in a Richard Sheridan play (The Rivals). • O, he will dissolve my mystery! • He was a man of great statue. Thomas Menino, Boston mayor • Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child. Dan Quayle, Vice President http://www.fun-with-words.com/malapropisms.html

8. Slips of the TongueSpoonerisms Webster definition: a transposition of usually initial sounds of two or more words (as in tons of soil for sons of toil) Origin: slips named after Rev. William Archibald Spooner • You have hissed all my mystery lectures. • He is a shoving leopard to his flock. • Three cheers for our queer old dean! Anglican Priest Dean of Oxford http://www.fun-with-words.com/spoon_history.html

9. Slips of the Tonguescience • Knowing which slips are possible and which are not constrains theories of production • Models of speech production need to account for these regularities in slips

10. Digression… Slips of the hand Newkirk, Klima, Penderson & Bellugi (1980) • Corpus of 131 errors in ASL • 77 videotaped • 54 reported observations • Errors like slips of the tongue • Exchanges • Anticipations • Perseverations

14. Types of Error • Misordering • Substitution • Exchange • Anticipation • Perseveration • Addition • Anticipatory addition • Perseveration addition • Shift • Deletion • Noncontextual error • Substitution • Addition • Deletion • Blend (word level)

16. Observations • Exchanged segments are from the same level • Implies you would never hear: • Phoneme Level with Word Level • “The cl is marketosed.” (the market is closed)

17. Observations • Exchanged segments tend to be from the same kind of segment • Consonant onset with consonant onset • Vowel with vowel Etc… • Verb with verb • Noun with noun • Implies you would never hear: • Vowel with Consonant • “Hauow thld” (hallow thud) • Onset with Rhyme • “Udallow thud” (hallow thud)

18. Observations • Sound substitutions • Often close to each other • Not necessarily similar in grammatical category and often similar in sound • Implies • TYPICAL ERROR: • I saw you fight a liar in the back quad, in fact you have... • UNCOMMON ERROR: • I saw you light a fire in the yack quad, in fact boo have...

19. Observations • Sound substitutions • Often close to each other • Not necessarily similar in grammatical category and often similar in sound • Word substitutions can cross phrasal boundaries • Often far apart, crossing phrasal boundaries • Often same grammatical category and dissimilar in sound • Independence of stem morphemes from derivational morpheme

20. Stages of Assembly S NP VP V NP <the> <dog> <chased> <the> <cat> /th/.../uh/.../d/.../ah/.../g/.../ch/...etc.

21. S NP VP V NP <the> <dog> <cat> <chased> /th/.../uh/.../d/.../ah/.../g/.../ch/...etc. The dog chased the cat. • Language production requires assembling multiple levels of linguistic structure accurately and fluently, in real time. • Three levels: • Conceptualization • Formulation • Articulation

22. What did the speech errors tell us about formulation? Separation between accessing semantics/syntax (meaning/grammar) and phonology (pronunciation) of word Formulation

23. Formulation Distributional properties of errors suggest • Grammatical Encoding stage • Puts words in order • Sounds irrelevant • Syntactic relations relevant • Wide scope planning • Phonological Encoding stage • Puts phonemes in order • Sounds are relevant • Syntax is irrelevant • Narrow scope planning

24. Grammatical Encoding Phonological Encoding • Language production requires assembling multiple levels of linguistic structure accurately and fluently, in real time. • Three levels: • Conceptualization • Formulation • Articulation

25. Digression… Single Word Production • Lemma retrieval: • select a word that matches needed meaning and grammatical category • Lexeme retrieval: • retrieve the sound of a word p. 111-113 of Carroll

26. Tip of the tongue Can retrieve lemma without lexeme know the meaning, first letter, syllables, and stress pattern but can’t generate the word!!! Digression… Why might you believe in a distinction between Lexeme and Lemma?

27. timeline 0 ms Negative SOA Positive SOA SOA Digression… Picture Naming Tasks • Name that picture • Sometimes with Print or Audio Distractor • Vary Stimulus Onset Assynchrony (SOA)

28. Digression… Picture Naming Tasks • Name that picture • Sometimes with Print or Audio Distractor • Vary Stimulus Onset Assynchrony (SOA) goat Hear: timeline -150 ms 0 ms SOA

29. Digression… Picture Naming Task • Name that picture • Sometimes with Print or Audio Distractor • Vary Stimulus Onset Assynchrony (SOA) goat Hear: timeline 150 ms 0 ms SOA

30. Digression… Schriefer, Meyer, & Levelt (1990) • Semantic distractor: (e.g. goat for sheep) Inhibition occurs at SOA = -150ms (Before presentation of picture) • Phonological distractor: (e.g. sheet for sheep) Facilitation occurs between SOA = 0 to 150 ms (After presentation of picture) No facilitation at SOA = -150 ms “goat” activates Goat Lemma competes with Sheep Lemma for selection, causing inhibition. “sheet” activates sounds and is similar in sound to “sheep”, facilitating production. Suggest phonological encoding follows lexical selection Finding is consistent with model we are going to see

31. Functional Processing Grammatical Encoding Positional Processing Phonological Encoding • Language production requires assembling multiple levels of linguistic structure accurately and fluently, in real time. • Three levels: • Conceptualization • Formulation • Articulation

32. Garrett’s Model

33. Functional Processing LEMMA Grammatical Encoding Positional Processing LEXEME

34. Planning a sentence • She handed him a broccoli.

35. THEME RECIPIENT ACTION Message Level – Intended meaning AGENT LEMMA RETRIEVAL Feminine Pronominal Masculine Pronominal Vegetable floret Act of Transferring POSSIBLE ERRORS? SEMANTIC SUBSTITUTION e.g. BROCCOLI  CAULIFLOWER

36. THEME RECIPIENT AGENT ACTION broccoli she him hand • FUNCTIONAL ASSIGNMENT • VERB ARGUMENTS • CASE ASSIGNMENTS POSSIBLE ERRORS? WRONG CASE ASSIGNMENT e.g. Female pronoun-nominative (SHE), Male pronoun-dative (HIM)  Female pronoun-dative (HER), Male pronoun-nominative (HIM).

37. FUNCTIONAL PROCESSING him she indefiinite broccoli hand POSITIONAL PROCESSING • POSSIBLE ERRORS? • STRANDING • He ordered up ending some broccoli. • SHIFTS – often inflections NOT root • She was hand himming some broccoli • Suggests processing of inflectional (and derivational) morphology at this level

38. Errors and Stages Intended Message: • She handed him some broccoli Likely Error • He handed her some broccoli Unlikely Error • Her handed he some broccoli • Him handed she some broccoli

39. Common Themes Garden Path Theory (when we talked about comprehension)? And notions of: • Modularity • Informational Encapsulation (e.g., Syntactic Parser: access to grammatical function categories, but not thematic information in the initial parse) Garrett’s Model (when we talked about production)? Same ideas of Modularity and Information Encapsulation: • Discrete Processing • Functional Processing – lemmas (access to grammatical function but not phonological structure) • Positional Processing and Phonological Processing – lexemes (access to phonological structure but not grammatical function)

40. Issues: • Discrete-stage processing • Strict Feedforward • (Completion of one stage before the next) • Cascading processing • (Partial information sent to the lower level) • Interactive processing • Feedback • (Lower level affect higher level)

41. ? ? /goat/ Production IssuesLevelt et al. (1991) Are the stages discrete or cascading? lemma level STAGE 1 GOAT SHEEP lexeme level STAGE 2 /sheep/

42. lemma level STAGE 1 SHEEP goat lexeme level /goat/ /sheep/ STAGE 2 /goal/ /sheet/ Are stages discrete or cascading? How do we test? Does sheep prime goal? ?

43. Discrete Processing Does sheep prime goal? Discrete Processing says NO! lemma level STAGE 1 SHEEP goat lexeme level /sheep/ STAGE 2 /sheet/

44. Cascading Processing Does sheep prime goal? Cascading Processing says YES! lemma level STAGE 1 goat SHEEP lexeme level /goat/ /sheep/ STAGE 2 /goal/ /sheet/

45. Cascade or Discrete? lemma level (Semantic) sheep goat goat sheep lexeme level (Phonology) /goat/ /sheep/ /sheep/ /goal/ /sheet/ /sheet/ DISCRETE CASCADING

46. Mediated Priming Paradigm Primary Task: Name the Picture Secondary Task: Lexical Decision Naming: 600 ms V Lem Lex 150 ms 125 ms 325 ms Lexical decision: goal or goat or sheet or mukle (button yes/no-rt) Does sheep prime goal?Levelt et al. (1991): No.

47. Peterson & Savoy (1998) lemma level STAGE 1 sofa couch /sofa/ /couch/ STAGE 2 lexeme level /soda/ Peterson & Savoy (1998): Yes it does: couch primes soda via sofa sheep – goat: categorical associates sofa – couch: near synonyms

48. Are the stages interactive? (Levelt, no; Dell, yes) FOG DOG CAT RAT MAT f r d k m ae o t g Vowels Onsets Codas Production Issues Levelt Dell lemma level cat lexeme level /cat/

49. FOG DOG CAT RAT MAT f r d k m ae o t g Vowels Onsets Codas Gary Dell’s Model • Like the TRACE model • Interactive processing • Feedback • (Lower level affect higher level)

50. Message: Cat