CHM-130 Ken Costello Test One Practice

1. CHM-130 Ken Costello Test One Practice Name: ________________ Date: ______ 1Blankness, 3eyes hurt, 1feeling stupid, 1irritable, 3headache, 1wanting to get away from subject, 2confused, 1disgusted, 3heavy feeling, 1disoriented Below are three barriers to learningFrom the list of symptoms write two next to each barrier that causes that symptom. (2 pts each) 1. Misunderstood words and symbols ____________ 2. Learning at too steep of a pace_______________ 3. Lack of a physical connection to subject; meaning a lack of visuals or hands-on learning. _________________ Situation: A recent hurricane that hit the South will leave many without power for a weeks. If they had a freezer full of frozen meat, what should they do to preserve this meat? Give at least three methods. Assume there’s no where to buy ice or get a electric generator and there’s no place cold to store it. (3 pts) The following methods are good for preservation: Cooking, drying, packing in salt, blend with spices, pickle with vinegar, expose to UV light (black light/sunlight). Situation: You are hiking in the desert in the winter and need to start a fire, but have no matches or lighter. How would you start a fire? Draw a picture and label. (3 pts) Wood or rock hand protector with depression to hold top of spinning stick Spinning stick Bow with string, shoe lace, or fibers wrapped once around spinning stick. Back and forth motion spins stick. Plank wood with depression and notch for embers to drop onto tender. Situation: You are walking along a river bed and find a dog tangled up in some tough nylon rope. You tried to untie it but couldn’t and you don’t have a knife to cut it. How can you make something sharp enough to cut the rope? Describe and draw a picture. (3 pts) 1 This piecemay be sharpenough 3 Throw or strike one rock against another. If you get a concave break, strike it again from an angle that may produce a sharp edge. 2

2. What are the building blocks of clay? SiO2*2H2O Al2O3*2H2O Clay is made of two layers. One layer is silicon and oxygen bonded to water molecules. The other layer is aluminum and oxygen bonded to water molecules. Other water molecules will fit between these layers if the clay is wet. All cultures mold pots and then place them in a fire. What happens when clay is fired? • mono- 1 • di- 2 • tri- 3 • tetra- 4 • penta- 5 • hexa- 6 • deca- 10 First, the water that was added to mold the clay evaporates. Next, the water that was bonded to the layers of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide gets driven off. The loss of water causes the clay to shrink and the layers to fuse. The clay will be hard and will no longer be softened by water. Be prepared to give the written name if the formula is given and vice versa. Know what these prefixes mean Where does the word, “Chemistry” come from? Chemistry is from chemists, which is from alchemists which came from Al kemia (meaning the black lands of Egypt) This is where the chemistry of mummification was known. F2 Fluorine Cl2 Chlorine CO Carbon monoxide CO2Carbon dioxide P2Br4Diphosphorus tetrabromide NO Nitrogen monoxide NO3 Nitrogen trioxide N2O Dinitrogen monoxide Cl2O dichlorine oxide On a personal level you experience electrons, protons, and neutrons. Pick which one goes with which experience. protons You taste the _____________ that acids give off neutrons Things feel twice as heavy because of _____________ electrons You see the light that ______________ give off.

3. CHEMISTRY: IT'S ALL ABOUT BUILDING BLOCKS Anti-Matter Matter Protons, Neutrons, & Electrons are building blocks forelements When light creates matter, two particles are always formed. For example, when an electron is formed, an anti-electron is also formed, but its proper name is a Positron Write in the number of protons for the below elements Neutron What kind of light is capable of creating matter?Gamma Rays Proton Electron Helium atom Elements are building blocks for compounds. Even though elements are built by using just three building blocks (electrons, neutrons, and protons), a variety of elements with vastly different properties are created: Choose two elements that differ by only one proton, but appear very different. ____________________ _____________________ 4) Electrical attraction & repulsion are primary forces that cause elements to combine. Protons & electrons attract each other even when in different atoms. This attraction causes atoms to combine. Hydrogen & oxygen make water Electrons can shape themselves into many shapes: True or False? TrueSome of the electrons in your body could be at this moment on the moon: True or False? TrueElectrons can go through barriers even though they don’t have the energy to do so: True or False? TrueIt is possible for you to walk into a wall and find yourself on the other side? True or False? TrueElectrons repel each other: True or False? TrueElectrons are attracted to protons: True or False? True Elements can be said to be very diverse building blocks. How many compounds can elements make? An almost infinite number of compounds Compounds are often placed into 2 categories: Organic and Inorganic. The Earth’s crust is mostly made of inorganic compounds. What are the three most common elements in the Earth’s crust and their percentages (by weight) in high to low order? Oxygen (50%), silicon (30%), aluminum (8%). What element accounts for about half the weight of a mountain? Oxygen What four metals are the next abundant in Earth’s crust? Iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium. When you are walking on the ground, what predominant element are you standing on? Oxygen When you walk on carpeting, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Carbon When you walk on wood, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Carbon When you walk on water, what is the predominant element (by weight)? Oxygen(By number)? Hydrogen

4. H H O Organic compounds are built around the element, carbon, and many have chains of this element. S P C O N Write down the type of organic compounds built from the elements indicated H Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates & Lipids Amino acids & proteins More amino acids & proteins RNA, & DNA Hydrocarbons are made from what two elements? Carbon and Hydrogen Match the formula or description with the compound B CH4 a. GasolineD CH3CH2CH3 b. Methane (natural gas)A 6 to 10 carbon hydrocarbon c. Motor OilE Hydrocarbon with thousands of carbons d. PropaneC Hydrocarbon with about 20 carbons e. Polyethylene Living things use small molecules as building blocks for larger molecules and large compounds as building blocks for very large molecules(macromolecules). What are the two small molecules that build sugars? Carbon dioxide and water Wood is built primarily from cellulose, which is built from the 6-carbon sugar called glucose, which is built from what three elements? Carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen This sugar also forms chains in a slightly different arrangement that stores energy in plants. What is that carbohydrate? Starch O C O O What are the building blocks for proteins? Amino acids. To the right is glycine. Circle the part that is the “amino” part and which is the “acid” part? Proteins have two purposes. Some build structures and others are for directing chemical reactions. Keratin and collagen are proteins which type? They build structures. H C C N O H H H H Acid part Amino part Enzymes are proteins that direct chemical reactions. Their names usually end with what? -ase Hemoglobin is a protein made for its chemical capability. What is its chemical specialty?It can hold onto oxygen. O H H H H H Oils and fats belong to the family of lipids. What are the building blocks of lipids? Fatty acids C C C C C C H O H H H H H H acid part Hydrocarbon=Fatty part

5. Abundance of elements in the Earth’s crust 1 The website, www.webelements.com provides these 3-d graphs of abundance of elements. What elements predominate the Earth’s crust?1. 2.3. 4.5. 6. 7. 2 3 4 6 7 5 8 This galaxy is measured to be 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles away and traveling 2,000,000,000 miles per year. How far was it from us 15,000,000,000 years ago? (d=vt): ______________________________ What does “ppb” mean? ________________ • How do explain that 11% of the weight of sea water is hydrogen, but 66% of the number of atoms in sea water is hydrogen? Hydrogen is very light, so it their weight makes up a lower percent of total weight • In humans, hydrogen make up 10% of its weight and 62 out of 100 atoms in the body. What compounds in the body have hydrogen (name at least 4)?Water, lipids, sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, DNA. • What does the log of 8 mean? It means 10 to the 8th power or 100,000,000 • What does the 12 mean in 12C? It is the total of protons and neutrons in this isotope of carbon. • What temperature is oxygen created from carbon? And what other element is needed? 1 billion degrees Kelvin, and helium is fused to the carbon. • Alchemists tried to turn common metals into gold and there are plenty of websites still saying they can do that. They could if they did what? Placed common metals in a supernova, or bombard metals with high energy neutrons.