Ch. 15.2 Evidence of Evolution Ch. 15.3

1. Ch. 15.2 Evidence of EvolutionCh. 15.3 Objectives: Describe how fossils provide evidence of evolution Discuss morphological evidence of evolution Explain how biochemistry provides evidence of evolution

2. Evidence supporting evolution • Fossil record • shows change over time • Anatomical record • comparing body structures • homology & vestigial structures • embryology & development • Molecular record • comparing protein & DNA sequences • Artificial selection • human caused evolution

3. 1. Fossil record • Layers of rock contain fossils • new layers cover older ones • creates a record over time • fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth • over a long period of time

4. Fossils shape ideas about evolutionFossils: direct or indirect remains of organisms preserved in media such as sedimentary rock, amber, ice, or tar • Fossilized organic matter in a leaf Ammonite casts • Fossilized organic matter in a leaf Ice Man”

5. Fossils tell a story… the Earth is old Life is old Life on Earth has changed

6. Fossils tell a story… the Earth is old Life is old Life on Earth has changed

7. What has the fossil record shown us? • The creatures alive today haven’t always been around OBSERVATION Different species lived in the past

8. ? ? ? Complete seriesof transitionalfossils ? We found the fossil — no joke! Land Mammal Where are theintermediate fossils? Someone’s idea of a joke! Ocean Mammal But the joke’s on them!!

9. Evolution from sea to land • 2006 fossil discovery of early tetrapod • 4 limbs • Missing link from sea to land animals

10. 2. Anatomical record Animals with different structures on the surface But when you look under the skin… It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors

11. Compare the bones • The same bones under the skin • limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones

12. Homologous structures • Structures that come from the same origin • homo- = same • -logous = information • Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats • same structure • on the inside • same development in embryo • different functions • on the outside • evidence of common ancestor

13. But don’t be fooled by these… • Analogous structures • look similar • on the outside • same function • different structure & development • on the inside • different origin • no evolutionary relationship How is a birdlike a bug? Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

14. Analogous structures • Dolphins: aquatic mammal • Fish: aquatic vertebrate • both adapted to life in the sea • not closely related Watch the tail!

15. Vestigial organs structure—a body structure in a present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor. • Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures? Because they used to walk on land!

16. Comparative embryology • Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story • similar structures during development all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

17. Dog Human Macaque Bird Frog Lamprey 8 32 45 125 67 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 3. Molecular record • Comparing DNA & protein structure • everyone uses the same genetic code! • DNA • compare common genes • compare common proteins number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

18. Building “family” trees Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

19. 4. Artificial selection • How do we know natural selection can change a population? • we can recreate a similar process • “evolution by human selection” “descendants” of wild mustard

20. Selective Breeding Humans create the change over time “descendants” of the wolf

21. Artificial Selection gone bad! • Unexpected consequences of artificial selection Pesticide resistance Antibiotic resistance

22. Insecticide resistance • Spray the field, but… • insecticide didn’t kill all individuals • variation • resistant survivors reproduce • resistance is inherited • insecticide becomes less & less effective

23. Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution • an adaptation is any variation that aids an organism’s chances of survival in its environment. • According to Darwin’s theory, adaptations in species develop over many generations • Learning about adaptations in mole-rats can help you understand how natural selection has affected them.

24. Structural adaptations arise over time • camouflage, an adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings. • Because well-camouflaged organisms are not easily found by predators, they survive to reproduce.

25. Structural adaptations arise over time • Mimicry is a structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species. • Predators may learn quickly to avoid any organism with their general appearance

26. Physiological adaptations can develop rapidly • In general, most structural adaptations develop over millions of years. • However, there are some adaptations that evolve much more rapidly. • The evolution of insecticide resistance is an example of natural selection in action

27. Convergent evolution Flight evolved 3 separate times— evolving similar solutions to similar “problems” • 3 groups with wings • Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor? They justcame up with the same answer! NO!

28. Convergent evolution led to mimicry • Why do these pairs look so similar? Monarch male poisonous Viceroy male edible Which is the moth vs. the bee? Which is the fly vs. the bee? fly bee moth bee

29. Natural selection acts on variations • There are three different types of natural selection that act on variation: stabilizing, directional, and disruptive.

30. Natural selection acts on variations • Stabilizing selection is a natural selection that favors average individuals in a population. Selection for average size spiders Normal variation

31. Natural selection acts on variations • Directional selection occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait. Normal variation

32. Natural selection acts on variations • In disruptive selection, individuals with either extreme of a trait’s variation are selected for. Selection for light limpets Normal variation Selection for dark limpets

33. The Evolution of Species • Significant changes in the gene pool could lead to the evolution of a new species over time. • The evolution of new species, a process called speciation occurs when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring within their natural environment.

34. The Evolution of Species • Geographic isolationoccurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population. • A new species can evolve when a population has been geographically isolated. Reproductive isolation can result in speciation • Reproductive isolation occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring • A change in chromosome numbers- polyploidy can lead to speciation

35. Speciation rates • Gradualism is the idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations • Some evidence from the fossil record supports gradualism. • In 1972, Niles Eldredge and Stephen J. Gould proposed a different hypothesis known as punctuated equilibrium. • This hypothesis argues that speciation occurs relatively quickly, in rapid bursts, with long periods of genetic equilibrium in between.