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AP Notes Chapter 14

AP Notes Chapter 14. Solutions and Their Behavior. Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Solute component(s) present in lesser quantity. Solvent component present in greater quantity.

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AP Notes Chapter 14

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  1. AP Notes Chapter 14 Solutions and Their Behavior

  2. Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more components Solute component(s) present in lesser quantity Solvent component present in greater quantity

  3. A saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature. Supersaturated Solutions contain more than is possible and are unstable.

  4. Liquid Solutions 1. molarity, M

  5. 2. mass %

  6. 3. mole fraction, (A)

  7. 4. molality, m

  8. Molal Sol’n Molar Sol’n

  9. Ideal Solution P(A)0 is the VP of volatile solvent A at a particular temperature

  10. Properties of Ideal Solutions  if P(A) is the vapor pressure of a solution of volatile solvent A, and non-volatile solute B, then P(A) (A)

  11. or P(A) = (A) . P(A)0 [Raoult’s Law] VP Solution

  12. for a solution where 2 components are volatile P(T) = P(A) + P(B) = (A) . P(A)0 + (B) . P(B)0

  13. Ideal Solutions

  14. Real Solutions Positive deviation Negative deviation

  15. Properties of Ideal Solutions  if P(A) is the vapor pressure of a solution of volatile solvent A, and non-volatile solute B, then P(A) (A)

  16. Properties of Ideal Solutions 2. NO volume changes occur during the solution process

  17. Properties of Ideal Solutions 3. NO heat is evolved or absorbed during the solution process

  18. Raoult’s Law is valid only for VERY dilute solutions or some nonpolar - nonpolar solutions

  19. Solubility Factors like dissolves like

  20. Polar H2O Non-polar I2 Polar H2O Non-polar I2 Non-polar CCl4 Non-polar CCl4 Solvent Extraction

  21. O // H2C-O-C-R | O | // H2C-O-C-R | O | // H2C-O-C-R a “fat” + 3 NaOH  R = (CH2)16CH3

  22. H2C-O-H | | H2C-O-H | | H2C-O-H O \\ + 3 R-C-O- Na+ a “soap”

  23. Surfactants • Surface acting agents • Lowers surface tension • Enables solvation • Those used for cleaning are commonly called detergents

  24. Temperature

  25. SOLIDS

  26. GASES

  27. Pressure Sg = kHPg Henry’s Law

  28. Colligative Properties

  29. Property whose magnitude depends solely on the concentration of particles, NOT on the nature of the particles

  30. Electrolyte solute that forms ions in solution which conducts a current

  31. Non-Electrolyte solute that remains as molecules in solution which does NOT conduct a current

  32. molality moles of substance measured through mass before solution process takes place

  33. Colligative Properties of Non-Electrolytes

  34. 1. Vapor Pressure Lowering VP Lowering

  35. 1. Vapor Pressure Lowering A = solvent ; B = solute cA + cB = 1

  36. 1. Vapor Pressure Lowering A = solvent ; B = solute cA + cB = 1 cA = 1 - cB

  37. but: PA = cAPoA thus: PA = (1 - cB) PoA or: PA = PoA - cBPoA

  38. NOTE: the lowering of the vapor pressure of the pure solvent A is a function only of cB (solute)

  39. boiling point temperature where vapor pressure of solvent equals the atmospheric pressure

  40. 2. Boiling Point Elevation

  41. Tbp m

  42. Tbp m Tbp = kbpm where kbp = a constant that is a function of the solvent

  43. units on kbp ?

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