Endocrine/Reproductive System

1. Endocrine/ReproductiveSystem By: Sim and Lauren

2. Endocrine System • Regulates mood,  growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, sexual functions, and reproduction • Influences almost every cell, organ, and function of the human body • Foundation: glands and hormones • Hormones transfer information and instructions from one cell to another through the bloodstream • Glands are a group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals

3. The Process • Once a hormone is secreted from one of the endocrine glands, it travels through the bloodstream to a cell designed to receive the message • Called “target cells” • Along the way to the target cells, special proteins bind to the hormones to control the amount of hormone available for cells to use • When the hormone reaches its target cell, it binds to the receptors and transmit chemical instructions to the cell • Target cells and hormones both have receptors that latch and communicate with specific hormones and cells • When hormone levels reach a normal amount, the endocrine system helps the body keep that level • Too much or too little hormones can be harmful to the body

4. Major Glands • Hypothalamus • Collection of specialized cells located at the lower central part of the brain • Nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that stimulate or suppress hormone secretion • Pituitary Gland • located under the hypothalamus at the base of the brain • regulates activity of reproductive glands • Thyroid • Hormones that control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy • Parathyroids • release parathyroid hormones which regulates the level of calcium in the blood • Adrenal Glands • hormones regulates amount of salt and water, increases blood pressure and heart rate (stress) • Pineal Gland • secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate when you sleep and wake up • Pancreas • produces two hormones- insulin and glucagon • maintain a steady level of glucose in the blood

5. Reproductive Glands • Gonads are the main source of sex hormones • Male gonads (testes) • located in the scrotum • produce sperm • secrete hormones called androgens (ex. testosterone) • working with hormones from the pituitary gland, these hormones tell the body when to make changes associated with puberty • pubic hair, deepening of the voice, growth, etc. • Female gonads (ovaries) • located in the pelvis • produce eggs • secrete hormones called estrogens (ex. progesterone) • regulate the menstrual cycle, growth, etc.

6. While endocrine glands are the body’s main hormone producers, other organs that are not part of the endocrine system produce hormones as well (brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin).

7. Reproductive System

8. Female Reproductive System • Produces female eggs needed for reproduction • Develops and delivers offspring • Goes through a monthly menstrual cycle

9. Main External Structures • Labia Majora • Covers and protects the internal organs • Has sweat and oil-producing glands • Labia Minora • Covered by Labia Majora • Protects the opening of the vagina and uretha • Bartholin’s Glands • Part of the endocrine system • Located besides the vagina and produces a fluid excretion • Clitoris • Protects the Labia Minora

10. Main Internal Structures • Vagina • A wide tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body • Uterus • A hollow chamber with two main parts • Cervix: lower part of the organ, allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to leave • Corpus: Main part of the organ, place of fetus development • Ovaries • Small round glands on either side of the uterus • Produces egg cells and hormones • Fallopian Tubes • Narrow tubes attached to the corpus • Allows egg cells to travel from the ovaries to the uterus • Site of fertilization

12. Menstrual Cycle • 3 phases to the Menstrual Cycle • Follicular Phase • Pituitary gland releases FSH (Follicle-Releasing Hormone). Follicles contain an ovum (undeveloped egg). Produces hormone estrogen. • Ovulation • Release of the egg from the ovary, triggered by the increase in estrogen. Egg is put in the fallopian tube and is being moved towards the uterus • Luteal Phase • The lining of the uterus begins to shed when fertilization doesn’t occur. Women may experience physical and emotional changes. • Menstruation • When the broken down lining of the uterus flows out through the vagina, lasts from 3-7 days.

13. Male Reproductive System • Produces, maintains, and releases semen and sperm • Produces and secretes male sex hormones needed to maintain the male reproductive system • Discharges sperm into the female reproductive tract during intercourse

14. External Structures • Penis • Organ used during sexual intercourse • Has 3 parts • Root:  attaches to the abdomen • Body/Shaft: Made up of 3 circular shaped chambers, that has large empty spaces that fill with blood during sexual excitation. Has loose skin in order to accommodate for the rigidness that occurs when the chambers fill with blood. • Glans/Head: Found at the tip of the penis, it is the opening of the urethra. It is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. • Scrotum • Contains the testicles, and controls a lower temperature needed for sperm to develop. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum tense and relax, bringing it closer to the body for heat and farther away from the body to cool. • Testicles (testes) • Found in a pair, they lie in the scrotum. Are responsible for making testosterone and sperm. Coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules are responsible for making sperm.

15. Internal Structures • Epididymis • coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle, transports and stores sperm cells. Brings sperm to maturity. • Vas deferens • muscular tube that goes from the epididymis to the pelvic cavity, transports mature sperm to the urethra • Ejaculatory ducts • In between the seminal vesicles and the vas deferens, empty into the urethra • Urethra • Tube that carries urine from bladder outside the body, and ejaculates sperm. When a man experiences orgasm, the urinary tract is blocked off during the erection prior and only semen is released into the female reproductive tract • Seminal vesicles • produces fructose for the sperm to travel in, excretes a fluid into the vas deferns

16. Graphics

18. Thank you!