List and tell the function of the parts of a cell. Prokaryotic

1. List and tell the function of the parts of a cell. • Prokaryotic • cell wall – protection and structure • cell membrane – controls what comes in and what goes out • cytoplasm – holds all of the organelles and supports cell functions • ribosome – makes proteins • circular DNA – hereditary material • Eukaryotic (Put a star next to the parts that are found in plant cells, not in animal cells). • cell wall – protection and structure * • cell membrane – controls what comes in and what goes out • cytoplasm – holds all of the organelles and supports cell functions • ribosome – makes proteins • golgi bodies – packages and sorts nutrients and waste • endoplasmic reticulum – ships nutrients and waste to where it needs to go • lysosomes – digests waste, food, and damaged organelles • nucleus – controls all cell activities and contains linear DNA (hereditary material) • centrosomes – aid with reproduction • chloroplast – photosynthesis * • mitochondria – cell respiration • vacuole – storage (plants have a central vacuole) • nucleolus – make ribosomes

2. Cells are the basic units of life, they are also called the building blocks of life. • Cells work together to form tissues, tissues work together to form organs, organs work together to form an organ system, organ systems work together to form an organism. • What would happen to an organ system if an organ failed to work? The organ system would not be able to function properly. • List the major organ systems that accomplish the following tasks - • To bring oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to all parts of the body: cardiovascular • To send and receive communications between the body and the brain: nervous • To digest and take nutrients from food: digestive • To aid in cellular respiration by taking in oxygen and letting out carbon dioxide: respiratory • To fight off disease and infections in the body: immune

3. List and explain the four stages of mitosis. Draw a picture of each. See textbook for pictures

4. Mitosis is part the eukaryotic cell cycle. List the parts of the cell cycle and tell what happens during each. • Interphase - Cell is in a resting phase, performing cell functions, DNA replicates (copies), organelles double in number, to prepare for division • Mitosis – the creation of two new nuclei • Cytokenesis - Begins during telophase, cell membrane begins to constrict in the middle of the cell, cells are pinched off in the center forming two new cells. Animals - cell pinches inward Plants – a cell plate forms between the new cells; the cell wall • List three reasons why mitosis occurs: Growth, Repair, Reproduction • Cells exchange materials with their environments. Explain the 5 ways that materials move in and out of cells. • passive transport – does not require energy (includes osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion). Materials move from high to low concentration. • active transport – does require energy. Materials move from low to high concentration. • facilitated diffusion – objects move through protein doorways • endocytosis – objects are engulfed in the membrane and pulled into the cell • exocytosis – objects are packaged in a vesicle (at the golgi bodies) and sent outside the cell. • When water passes through a cell membrane it is called osmosis. • What does semi-permeable mean, and how is that significant in a cells exchange with the environment? It means that it can control what goes in and what comes out.

5. List the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Underline the products and circle the reactants: • 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 • C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • What organelle in a plant cell is responsible for capturing light for photosynthesis? Chloroplast What organelle in plant and animal cells is responsible for breaking down sugars into ATP? Mitochondria • Why do bacteria and yeast have to go through fermentation to get energy rather than aerobic cellular respiration? They do not have a mitochondria so they have to go through anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) to get energy. Fermentation is anaerobic respiration. • What are the products of fermentation in plants? Alcohol and ATP In animals? Lactic acid and ATP • Explain what happens during the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide is put into the air by cellular respiration, and then it is used by plants during photosynthesis. They plants put oxygen back into the air after photosynthesis and then the cycle repeats itself. The cycle begins with plants. • What activities are contributing to the rise of carbon levels in the atmosphere? the burning of fossil fuels, urbanization, too many cars, deforestation. • Flowers are the reproductive organs of a seed bearing plant.

6. List the male and female reproductive parts of a plant and their function: • Male = Stamen Anther – makes pollen grains Filament - holds the anther • Female = Pistil Ovaries – house the ovules Ovules – make the eggs Style – the long tube that leads from the outside of the flower to the ovules Stigma – the sticky top of the flower that is used to catch pollen grains • Pollen grains – produce sperm (the male sex cell) • Egg – the female sex cell • Seed – an undeveloped plant, a zygote • Petal – the most colorful part of the flower, it attracts pollinators • Pollination is the process of pollen grains being transferred to the female reproductive organs. Pollen can be transferred by wind, water, and most commonly animals. • List the type of flower that each of these animals would pollinate: • Bat – white colored that are pollinated at night • Bees – colorful flowers (especially blue and yellow) • Beatles and Flies – stinky flowers (like rotten meat) that are dull in color • Hummingbirds and Butterflies – colorful flowers that sometimes have nectar at the end of a long tube (especially reds and pinks) • What might pollinate a flower that is not brightly colored and does not have a strong sent, for example wheat? Wind

7. Body cells are called diploid. They have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes. • Sex cells are called haploid. They have 23 single chromosomes. • Fertilization is the joining of an egg and a sperm to create a zygote. • List the two types of reproduction and 3 benefits and 3 disadvantages of each. • Asexual • Benefits Fast (population can grow quickly) • Does not require a lot of energy • Do not have to search for a mate • Disadvantages • No genetic diversity • Does not have a high rate of survival • No parents • Sexual • Benefits genetic diversity • higher rate of survival • 2 parents • Disadvantages • requires more energy • takes a long time • Must search for a mate because it requires fertilization

8. List and explain the 4 types of asexual reproduction. • Budding – exact replica, but smaller at first • Binary fission sometimes called fragmentation – exact replica, equal sizes • Regeneration – usually involves growing new body parts to replace damaged ones (starfish) but can be used for reproduction • Cuttings – mostly used for plants. Cutting leaves, stems, and roots from one plant and planting it to form a new plant. • List organisms that breath in the following ways: • diffusion through skin – frogs and worms • Pulls oxygen rich water over their gills where the oxygen diffuses into the gills - fish • Lungs -mammals • Diffusion through membrane - bacteria • Diffusion through stomata in leaves, lenticels in stems, and roots - plants • What is the simplest hereditary material called? DNA • What are genotypes composed of? One allele from each parent • How is a phenotype different from a genotype? Genotype is a code that you can see on paper and a phenotype is what you actually see on the person. Phenotypes do not take extreme science to detect (ex. Mrs. Losh is short.) • Chromosomes make up your alleles.

9. Explain the difference between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Heterozygous means that you have one dominate trait and one recessive trait (a mix, Tt). Homozygous means that you have to of the same either two recessive traits or two dominate traits (TT, tt). • Complete the Punnett square. (“B” = the dominate trait Brown eyes. “b” = the recessive trait blue eyes.) If I cross a BB parent with a bb parent what are the probable offspring? B B 4 # of brown eyed 0 # of blue eyed 0 # of pure brown 0 # of pure blue 4 # of hybrid brown b b