1 / 23

The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents

The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents. J. Kotch, M . Black, D. English, A. Litrownik , D. Runyan , R. Thompson, J. Smith, L-C . Lee, B. Margolis, & G . Taneja International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

hope
Download Presentation

The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Effect of Social Capital on Aggression and Delinquency in Maltreated Adolescents J. Kotch, M. Black, D. English, A. Litrownik, D. Runyan, R. Thompson, J. Smith, L-C. Lee, B. Margolis, & G. Taneja International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Honolulu, Hawaii September 28, 2010 ISPCAN 2010

  2. Acknowledgements Grants CA-90CA1401, 90CA1433, and 90CA1467 from the Administration for Children and Families Grant 1 R01 HD039689 from the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. Special thanks to Terri Lewis & Ali Faiz for statistical support. ISPCAN 2010

  3. Social Capital Defined … features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. (Putnam 1995) “Social capital keeps bad things from happening to good kids.” (Putnam, 2000) ISPCAN 2010

  4. Community vs. Family Social Capital (Coleman,1988; Ferguson, 2006) • Family social capital: relationships between parents & children (time, effort, resources & energy parents invest) • Community social capital: family interactions & relationships with surrounding community (both residents and institutions) • Social relationships • Civic engagement • Trust & safety • Religiosity ISPCAN 2010

  5. Components of Community Social Capital and Child Well-being • Social Relationships • Indicators of social capital were associated with positive behavioral outcomes for at-risk preschool children. (Runyan et al., 1998a) • Civic Engagement • More exchanges of resources & sharing of childcare occurred in neighborhoods with higher levels of participation & activism. (Garbarino & Sherman, 1980; Sampson et al., 1999) • Trust and Safety • Mothers who felt safe were more likely to rate their neighborhoods as more positive places to raise children. (Garbarino and Sherman, 1980) • High social trust in neighborhoods can break the existing link between neighborhood impoverishment and delinquent activity. (Putnam, 2000) ISPCAN 2010 5

  6. Limitations of Previous Studies Cross-sectional Confounded/combined indicators of family and community social capital Confused social capital and social support ISPCAN 2010

  7. Purpose of the Present Study To determine if informal social control and/or social cohesion & trust reduce aggression & delinquency in a longitudinal cohort of maltreated 12, 14, and 16 year olds ISPCAN 2010

  8. LONGSCAN: Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (Runyan et al., 1998b) • A 20-year study of causes & consequences of child maltreatment • A consortium of 5 sites (EA, SO, MW, NW, SW) sharing data collection methods, instruments, data management & analysis • Face to face interviews at ages 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 • Data sources for this study: • A-CASI interviews with child subjects and caregivers (ages 12, 14, & 16) • CPS records (birth through age 12) ISPCAN 2010

  9. Preliminary Studies Runyan et al. (1998a) found family and community social capital were associated with improved behavioral outcomes for at-risk children. Salujaet al. (2003) did not find that social capital (neighborhood trust, engagement in child-rearing and helpfulness) moderated the association between maltreatment & child depression/anxiety or aggression. Yonaset al. (2010) found collective efficacy (informal social control/neighborhood involvement) moderated the impact of neglect, but not abuse, on aggression at age 12. ISPCAN 2010

  10. Measurement • Controls • Time invariant - child gender, race, & site • Time variant - caregiver education (ages 12, 14, 16) • Independent Variables • Maltreatment reports - birth through age 12 re-coded using MMCS (English et al., 2005) • Caregiver depressive symptoms (Radloff 1997) - ages 12, 14, & 16 • Moderator • Social capital (Knight et al., 2008) - ages 12, 14, 16 • Dependent Variable • Child Behavior Checklist Externalizing Behavior (T-Score) - caregiver report based on aggression & delinquency subscales (Achenbach, 1991) - ages 12, 14, & 16 ISPCAN 2010

  11. Caregiver Depression in the LONGSCAN sample • Maternal depressive symptoms predicted child maltreatment (Thompson, 2006) and child’s internalizing & externalizing problem scores. (Dubowitz et al., 2001) • Maternal depressive symptoms related to mothers perception of child’s emotional and behavioral functioning. (Black et al., 2002) • Caregiver depressive symptoms were among the adverse experiences that significantly increased the odds of health problems in maltreated 12 year olds. (Flaherty et al., 2009) ISPCAN 2010

  12. Proposed Moderator: Social Capital • Quality of Neighborhood, Residential Stability and Organizational & Religious Affiliation (Knight et al., 2008) - has 37 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (strongly disagree [1] to strongly agree [4]). • For the purpose of this study, 10 items corresponding with Collective Efficacy (Sampson et al., 1997) were used to create two subscales: • Informal Social Control (5 items; alpha = .82) Example: “How strongly do you agree that neighbors could be counted on to intervene if children were skipping school & hanging out on a street corner?” • Social Cohesion and Trust (5 items; alpha = .83) Example: “How strongly do you agree that people around here are willing to help their neighbors?” ISPCAN 2010

  13. Analysis • Generalized estimating equations (GEE) • a method of analyzing correlated data that otherwise could be modeled as a generalized linear model (Zeger & Liang, 1986) • examined the effects of social capital & depression, and their interactions, on externalizing behaviors of maltreated and non-maltreated adolescents ISPCAN 2010

  14. Descriptive Statistics by Maltreatment History (N = 1125) *Time Invariant variables are specific to baseline. †p<.001 ISPCAN 2010 14

  15. Descriptive Statistics by Maltreatment History (cont’d.) *Time Variant variables are specific to age 12, 14, & 16 time points. † p<.01 ‡ p<.001 ISPCAN 2010 15

  16. GEE Model 1: Informal Social Control • Caregiver Depressive Symptoms significant for maltreated subjects [b=.42 (.16), p =.01] but non-significant for non-maltreated subjects [b = .05 (.21), p = .78] • Informal Social Control was non-significant for maltreated subjects [b=.03 (.84), p =.96] & non-maltreated subjects [b = -1.16 (.82), p = .15] • Interaction between Informal Social Control and Depressive Symptoms was non-significant for both maltreated [b = -.05 (.05), p = .35] & non-maltreated subjects [b = .06 (.07), p = .34] ISPCAN 2010

  17. GEE Model 2: Social Cohesion and Trust • Caregiver Depressive Symptoms significant for maltreated subjects [b=.65 (.17), p =.00] but non-significant for non-maltreated subjects [b = .27 (.18), p = .13] • Social Cohesion and Trust was non-significant for maltreated subjects [p =.82] & non-maltreated subjects [p = .31] • Interaction between Social Cohesion and Trust and Depressive Symptoms was significant for maltreated subjects [b = -.13 (.05), p = .01] but non-significant for non-maltreated subjects [p = .89]. ISPCAN 2010

  18. SCT x DEP Interaction for Maltreated Subjects (p = .01) ISPCAN 2010

  19. Conclusions Neither Informal Social Control nor Social Cohesion & Trust had significant main effects on adolescent aggression & delinquency at ages 12, 14, and 16 among children maltreated before age 12. For subjects maltreated before age 12, high Social Cohesion and Trust significantly reduced the impact of caregiver depressive symptoms on aggression & delinquency at ages 12, 14, & 16. ISPCAN 2010

  20. Limitations and Future Directions • Limitations • Represents families involved, or at risk of being involved, with the child welfare system • Did not analyze maltreatment sub-types • Did not assess adolescents perceptions of collective efficacy • Did not assess adolescent self-reported delinquency and aggression • Future Directions • Examine the effects of collective efficacy by type of maltreatment, as well as self reports of maltreatment • Examine other behavioral outcomes, such as substance abuse, criminal justice involvement and violence ISPCAN 2010

  21. References Achenbach TM (1991). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry. Black MM, Papas MA, Hussey JM, Dubowitz H, Kotch JB, Starr, RH. Behavior problems among preschool children born to adolescent mothers: effects of maternal depression and perceptions of partner relationships. J Clinical Child AdolescPsychol 2002;31(1):16-26. Coleman J (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. In: Dasgupta P, Serageldin I, eds. Social capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, DC: World Bank; pp. 13–39. Dubowitz H, Black MM, Kerr MA, Hussey JM, Morrel TM, Everson MD, Starr RH. Type and timing of mothers’ victimization: Effects on mothers and children. Pediatrics2001;107(4):728-735. English D, Bangdiwala K, Runyan D. The dimensions of maltreatment: Introduction. Child Abuse & Neglect 2005;29(5):441-460. Ferguson KM. Social capital and children’s wellbeing: a critical synthesis of the international social capital literature. Int J Soc Welfare 2006;15:2–18. Flaherty EG, Thompson R, Litrownik AJ, Zolotor AJ, Dubowitz H, Runyan DK, English DJ, Everson MD. (2009). Adverse childhood exposures and reported child health at age 12. Academic Pediatrics 2009; 9(3):150-156. ISPCAN 2010

  22. References (cont’d.) Garbarino J, Sherman D. High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development 1980;51:188–198. Knight ED, Smith JS, Martin L, Lewis T, & the LONGSCAN Investigators (2008). Measures for assessment of functioning and outcomes in longitudinal research on child abuse, volume 3: Early adolescence (ages 12-14). Retrieved from the LONGSCAN web site http://www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan Putnam RD. Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy 1995(Jan);6(1): 65-78. Putnam RD (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster. Radloff LF. Sex differences in depression: The effects of occupation and marital status. Sex Roles 1997;1:249–265. Runyan DK, Hunter WM, Socolar RS, Amaya-Jackson L, English D, Landsverk J, Dubowitz H, Browne DH, Bangdiwala SI, Mathew RM. Children who prosper in unfavorable environments: The relationship to social capital. Pediatrics 1998a;101(1): 12–18. Runyan DK, Curtis P, Hunter W, Black MM, Kotch JB, Bangdiwala S. LONGSCAN: A consortium for longitudinal studies of maltreatment and the life course of children. Aggression & Violent Behavior: A Review Journal 1998b;3:275-285. Saluja G, Kotch J, Lee L-C. Effects of child abuse and neglect: Does social capital really matter? Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2003;15:681-686. ISPCAN 2010

  23. References cont’d. Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Earls F. Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review 1999;64:633–660. Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy. Science 1997;277:918-924. Thompson R. Exploring the link between maternal history of childhood victimization and child risk of maltreatment. J Trauma Practice 2006;5(2):57-72. Yonas MA, Lewis T, Hussey JM, Thompson R, Newton R, English D, Dubowitz H. Perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy moderate the impact of maltreatment on aggression. Child Maltreatment 2010;15(1):37-47. Zeger SL, Liang, K-Y. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 1986;42:121-130. Visit www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/ for more information about LONGSCAN ISPCAN 2010

More Related