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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

Understand the basics of acids, bases, and salts, including the role of ions, pH scale, neutralization, types of salts, and their uses in various industries. Explore the properties, reactions, and significance of these chemical substances.

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

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  1. ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

  2. Ions Some times substances go through a reaction that breaks off a hydrogen or even a hydrogen and an Oxygen. These extra Ions (Charged Particles) are what make up Acids and Bases. H2O -> H++ OH-

  3. Ions Because the Single Hydrogen no longer shares that electron is becomes positively charged. He is now called a Hydrogen Ion.

  4. Ions The Oxygen and Hydrogen now have an extra electron and become negatively charged. They are now called a Hydroxide Ion.

  5. Acid Any substance that has extra Hydrogen Ions is an acid. The more Hydrogen Ions the more acidic.

  6. Basis When a substance has extra hydroxide ions (OH-) then it is a base. The more hydroxide ions the more basic. (Bases can also be called Alkaline)

  7. pH Scale The pH scale was created to better compare the relative concentration of Hydrogen ions. pH stands for partial Hydrogen. The scale ranges from 0 to 14 and each step is a multiple of 10. The scale is logarithmic.

  8. pH Example: Urine generally has a pH of 6 where as water has a pH of 7. This means that Urine has 10 times more Hydrogen Ions than water.

  9. pH A pH of 7 is considered neutral. This means that there as many Hydrogen ions as there are hydroxide ions. They balance each other out.

  10. T E R M S ACIDS are substances that form hydrogen ions (H+(aq)) when dissolved in water eg  BASES are hydroxides that react and neutralize.  In acid solutions there are more H+ions than OH-ions.  In alkaline solution there are more OH-ions than H+ions. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 11 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  11. Strong or Weak - Acids or Bases that dissociate completely are Strong Acids/Bases.  Acids or Bases that dissociate only partially are Weak Acids/Bases Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 12 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  12. Physical Properties of Acids & Bases ACIDS Acids taste sour (e.g. vinegar, lemon juice). Acids are harmful to living cells. Aqueous solutions of all acids contain hydrogen ions. Acid turns blue litmus red. Strong acids are corrosive.       BASES Alkalis are taste bitter Strong alkalis are corrosive. Aqueous solutions of all alkalis contain hydroxide ion. Alkalis turns red litmus blue. Soapy touch.       Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 13 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  13. Neutralization  H+1+ OH-1 HOH  Acid + Base Water + Salt (double replacement)  Example:  HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) HOH (l) + NaCl (aq)  H2SO4(aq) + KOH (aq) 2 HOH (l) + K2SO4(aq) Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 14 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  14. SALTS When H+ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion, a salt is produced e.g. H2SO4+ 2NaOH====== Na2SO + 2H2O Here sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) is the salt formed. Salts are ionic compounds. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 15 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  15. Methods of making Soluble Salts ACID + METAL SALT + HYDROGEN 1) 2) ACID + BASE SALT + WATER 3) ACID + CARBONATE SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 16 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  16. Types of Salts Normal Salts: Normal salts are formed when all the replaceable hydrogen ions in the acid have been completely replaced by metallic ions.  HCl(aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) + ZnO(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)  Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 17 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  17. Types of Salts Acid salts: Acid salts are formed when replaceable hydrogen ions in acids are only partially replaced by a metal. H2SO4 + KOH  KHSO4 + H2O H3PO4 + NaOH  NaH2PO4 + H2O Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 18 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  18. Types of Salts Basic Salts: Basic salts contain the hydroxide ion, OH-. They are formed when there is insufficient supply of acid for the complete neutralization of the base. Zn(OH)2 + HCl  Zn(OH)Cl + H2O Mg(OH)2 + HNO3  Mg(OH)NO3 + H2O Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 19 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  19. USES OF SALTS SALT S.No . 1 USE Ammonium Chloride In torch batteries 2 Ammonium Nitrate In fertilizers 3 Calcium Chloride As drying agent 4 Iron Sulphate In Iron tablets 5 Magnesium Sulphate In medicine 6 Potassium Nitrate In gunpowder etc. 7 Silver Bromide In photography 8 Sodium Chloride Making NaOH 9 Sodium Stearate In making soap. Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 20 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

  20. THE END Topic 10: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 21 ،لولأا ىدامج 1441 ،لگنم 12

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