Reforming Society: Voices of Change and Empowerment

1. Chapter 15 Reform

2. Civil Disobedience – conscience and the greater good is above the law. • Thoreau's Civil Disobedience espouses the need to prioritize one's conscience over the dictates of laws. It criticizes American social institutions and policies, most prominently slavery and the Mexican-American War. • Thoreau

3. Literature creates society’s conscience

4. Uncle Tom’s CabinLiterature’s impact upon society The Second Great Awakening in 1820’s and new religious groups formed in 1830-40s brought Christian ideals into people’s lives. – Tom was Christ – sacrificing himself so others may have lived; Eva was the messenger from heaven asking for the freedom of slaves – Abolition Groups Uses of religion, slavery was in the Bible, so it was justified, but faith prompted slaves to question the laws (Fugitive Slave Act – law to return runaways) Quakers – Abolitionist (Society of Friends); Underground Railroad activists’ network to conduct slaves to Freedom Temperance – campaign to end alcohol abuse because it damaged families and lives (Augustine) Women – Women demanded rights in courts, to vote, to keep their own property/money, and worked to reform society’s ills – Ophelia – lived with male relative; Marie sold the slaves because they were property

5. Fredrick Douglass – African American born into slavery, taught self how to read and write, escaped to freedom to speak out against slavery. His abolitionist newspaper was the North Star.

6. Dorothea Dix – champion of the mentally ill, who took them out of the prisons and opened hospitals to care for them. During the Civil War she would be the head nurse for the US Army and drilled cleanliness and trained nurses to care for the mentally ill. “She was the most useful and amazing woman America has ever produced.”

7. Horace Mann felt all Americans should be educated if they were to live in free country. He advocated for schools for the poor, taxation for public schools, the training of teachers, and curriculum all children should learn. He felt education was the best weapon against poverty and the way the US would have citizens who understood political issues for voting.

8. Harriett Tubman – Escaped slave that became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad and led 300+ slaves to their freedom. Her code name was “Moses” and she acted as a spy for the Union during the Civil War.

9. Sojourner Truth – slave freed by state law changes in NY that spoke against slavery and for women’s rights. Her real name was Isabella Baumfree, but took her new name as her goal of influencing women’s lives that she would “journey forth and tell the truth” about conditions of women and slaves.

10. Elizabeth Cady Stanton – The major leader and organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention 1848. Wrote most of the philosophy of the women’s rights movement; spoke for the civil rights of all people; after her 7 children were raised she traveled the country as a paid speaker. Wrote the 19th amendment, but died before it was ever ratified in 1920. Stanton’s idea of women having the right to divorce was controversial enough to split the group into two separate groups: one lead by Anthony and Stanton and the other led by Stone.

11. Susan B. Anthony – teacher, Quaker, friend of Stanton, swore to never marry; spoke out for the abolition slavery and women’s right to vote. Traveled across the United States from 1848-1902 as the champion of suffrage for all. She voted in the NY elections, was arrested and tried for breaking the law, after the Supreme Court ruled against women as each state had the right to determine its own voting rules, the South started poll tax and tests to keep the African Americans from voting as guaranteed by the 14th amendment.

12. Ch 15 Mini Test – 2 points each • Sojourner Truth • Reform • Susan B. Anthony • Horace Mann • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Fredrick Douglass • Dorthea Dix • Harriet Tubman • Harriet Beecher Stow • Henry David Thoreau • 1. What was the theme of UTC/chapter 15? • 2opened hospitals to care for mentally ill • 3 North Star editor and abolitionist • 4 Moses • 5 journey forth and tell the truth • 6 felt education was the best weapon against poverty • 7 Peacefully break the law to change it • 8 Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin • 9 voted in the NY elections, was arrested • 10 It was a good thing she was not a boy….spoke for the civil rights of all people: protection of women’s rights movement;

13. True or False about Reforms • 11 Reform is ongoing and begins with the individual. • 12 Barbers were like doctors in the 1800s and did tooth pulling and minor surgeries with better success rates. • 13 The women’s rights movement is not over. • 14 Susan B. Anthony read Elizabeth Cady Stanton's speeches and both lived to see women vote. • 15 The right to own property, control wages, vote, and participate in making laws should be for all people if they are to be protected by the law. • 16 Antislavery movements helped women learn how to organize, speak publically,  and motivate them to free themselves from the rule of the fathers and husbands. • 17 Temperance movements and the Second Great Awakening called on all Americans to cure society’s ills. • 18 Sometimes reform is changing the way society views the handicapped, the mentally ill, and crime. • 19 Mental illness was first treated with imprisonment, but today many are in jails or prisons. • 20 Death, suffering, and tragedy usually draw groups to reform.

16. Highlights of Chapter 16

17. Robert Fulton – Fulton’s Folly was the nickname of the Clermont. His flat bottomed steamships made travel along the Mississippi possible. Opened up trade for the interior of the country and cut travel time. 5mph upstream!

18. Samuel Morse – developed a dash-dot system to send messages across wires long distance. His first message was: What hath God wrought! Information within minutes from weeks or months depending on time. His invention ended the Pony Express business.

19. John Deere – invented the steel plow, a lighter and sharper easier to use tool that allowed more ground to be cultivated – enlarging cotton fields and slave owning profitable

20. Cyrus McCormick –“a right curious machine” was a grain harvesting reaper that was 14 times faster than 2 men cutting with scythes.

21. Elias Howe – patented the sewing machine – huge time saving for the making of clothing in Northern factories and lowering the cost of clothes.

22. Nat Turner – Virginia religious leader who preached to other slaves. He was born with marks on his body that his mother told him “marked him for greatness. He believed God had chosen him to lead the slaves to freedom. 1831 he lead 60 slaves on attacks. His master and master’s family were killed. White reaction was so extreme that they hunted and killed many more African Americans and increased stricter slave code laws.

23. Eli Whitney – 1808 the slave trade became illegal in the United States, so the smuggling of slaves increased with his gin, any African American was endanger of being forced into slavery even if they had been freed.

24. Tensions over slavery increased. Southerners:Slavery was okay because it was in the bible and African American need to be cared for because of little intellectual ability….

25. Listening Quiz • Steam power made travel fast, shipping cheap, • Led a revolt, killed many whites, created fear. • Fought for better treatment of mentally challenged • Newspaper man for antislavery • She never married and fought for suffrage for all • Women had right to divorce • 1850 – 1860 was a time for change or… • Men who created machinery to cultivate more land for more slaves to work: • Cotton Gin 50 times faster – slavery was profitable • His sewing machine created a need for women in factories. • Eli Whitney • Elias Howe • Samuel Morse • Susan B. Anthony • Fredrick Douglass • Dorothea Dix • Nat Turner • Cyrus McCormick • John Deere • Robert Fulton • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Reform • Sojourner Truth

26. Answers to Quiz • 9 Eli Whitney • 10 Elias Howe • Samuel Morse (what) • 5.Susan B. Anthony • 4. Fredrick Douglass • 3.Dorothea Dix • 2. Nat Turner • 8 Cyrus McCormick • 8 John Deere • 1. Robert Fulton • 6.Elizabeth Cady Stanton • 7.Reform • Sojourner Truth (who) • Steam power made travel fast, shipping cheap, and replaced tailors with factories. • Led a revolt, killed many whites, created fear. • Fought for better treatment of mentally challenged • Newspaper man for antislavery • She never married and fought for suffrage for all • Women had right to divorce • 1850 – 1860 was a time for change or… • Men who created machinery to cultivate more land for more slaves to work: • Cotton Gin 50 times faster – slavery was profitable • His sewing machine created a need for women in factories.

27. Chapter 16 Sectional differences 1 Property was owned by white males 2 nativists 3 little pay 4 Communication was strong with more telegraph lines and rail lines 5 Economy was based on cotton growing 6 yeomanry 7 Economy was based on supplying cotton for manufacturing cloth 8 Immigrants made up the labor force 9 steamboats decreased travel time 10 Feared African Americans would take jobs • Choices A North B South C Both D Neither E UTC

28. 11 Worked during day light hours in terrible conditions with no rights 12 Rivers were used to transport goods, mail, and news 13 Abolitionists organized the Underground Railroad 14 Stowe’s catalyst for social change 15 Belonged to the US 16 Slavery was a right 17 Became America’s social conscience 18. Slavery was legal 19 Voting was done by white men 20 Women identified with slaves legally Choices A North B South C Both D Neither E UTC

29. Answers to Sectional Differences C 11 Worked during day light hours in terrible conditions with no rights C 12 Rivers were used to transport goods, mail, and news A 13 Abolitionists organized the Underground Railroad E 14 Stowe’s catalyst for social change C 15 Belonged to the US C 16 Slavery was a right E 17 Became America’s social conscience B 18. Slavery was legal C 19 Voting was done by white men C 20 Women identified with slaves legally C 1 Property was owned by white males A 2 nativists A 3 little pay A 4 Communication was strong with more telegraph lines and rail lines B 5 Economy was based on cotton growing B 6 yeomanry A 7 Economy was based on supplying cotton for manufacturing cloth A 8 Immigrants made up the labor force C 9 steamboats decrease travel time A 10 Feared African Americans would take jobs