MIL-STD-1472F

2. MIL-STD-1472F Presented by: Louise Kreider Mark Vachon John McKeel We three have divided up 198 pages of design criteria.We three have divided up 198 pages of design criteria.

3. Sections Introduction General Requirements Requirements for control/display integration Requirements for visual displays Requirements for audio displays and warning signals .These are the sections I will cover .These are the sections I will cover

4. Introduction This standard establishes general human engineering criteria for design and development of military systems, equipment and facilities. Its purpose is to present human engineering design criteria, principles and practices to be applied in the design of systems equipment and facilities so as to: Achieve required performance by operator, control and maintenance personnel. Minimize skill and personnel requirements and training time. Achieve required reliability of personnel-equipment combinations. Foster design standardization within and among systems. Establishes human engineering criteria to achieve success in mission performance. Achieve required performance by humans and machinery, reliably, and without undue skill or training requirements, and foster design standardizationEstablishes human engineering criteria to achieve success in mission performance. Achieve required performance by humans and machinery, reliably, and without undue skill or training requirements, and foster design standardization

5. Current Standard Technical revision of MIL-STD 1472E (31 March 1998) 1427E was revision of 1472D Page count was reduced from 423 to 206 Applicable documents were trimmed from 81 to 25 Many "shalls“ changed to "shoulds“ Current standard is a technical revision of 1472E, dated 31 March 1998, which itself was revision of 1472D, dated While MIL-STD-1472 was developed for use as a contractually invoked design standard, some individuals and organizations have used it as a handbook.Others have used it as a text. Current standard is a technical revision of 1472E, dated 31 March 1998, which itself was revision of 1472D, dated While MIL-STD-1472 was developed for use as a contractually invoked design standard, some individuals and organizations have used it as a handbook.Others have used it as a text.

6. Content Incorporates many federal standards, guidelines and handbooks: Department of Defense Occupational Safety and Health Administration American National Standards Institute Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists American Society for Testing and Materials International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Society of Automotive Engineers Secific DoD publications Most safety standards are from OSHA Standards for manufturing, measuring come from multiple sources Threshold limit values from ACGIH Much info the the standard is available piecemeal from other publications, but this standard combines all.Secific DoD publications Most safety standards are from OSHA Standards for manufturing, measuring come from multiple sources Threshold limit values from ACGIH Much info the the standard is available piecemeal from other publications, but this standard combines all.

7. General requirements forall equipment and systems Maximize human performance and safety Minimize training and skill requirements Uniformity Efficient allocation of function Equipment simplicity and ruggedness NBC survivability EMP (Electromagnetic pulse) hardened Automate as indicated Many of these requirements do not give specific measurable factors, but are general in nature. Simplicity in both operation and maintenance Ruggednes- drag through mountains of Afghanistan and equipment will not fail. Others do specify given distances, dimensions, frequencies, decibels, time frames, and other factors like illumination, vibration, specific use of color, contrast NBC = Nuclear-Biological-ChemicalMany of these requirements do not give specific measurable factors, but are general in nature. Simplicity in both operation and maintenance Ruggednes- drag through mountains of Afghanistan and equipment will not fail. Others do specify given distances, dimensions, frequencies, decibels, time frames, and other factors like illumination, vibration, specific use of color, contrast NBC = Nuclear-Biological-Chemical

8. Control-display integration General criteria: Apparent control-display relationship Immediate feedback on system state Easy visual and physical access Functional grouping, display commonality, consistency Sequencing – accepted cultural norms Accepted movement relationships Control-display integration guidelines adhere to principles that facilitate human performance Few measurable requirements in this section. Much in common with what Donald Norman calls good mapping. Control-display integration guidelines adhere to principles that facilitate human performance Few measurable requirements in this section. Much in common with what Donald Norman calls good mapping.

9. Control/display movement ratio Ratio scale is dependent on display type Coarse settings and fine settings Examples: Knob (coarse) – 6 in. of display movement for one turn of knob Knob (fine) – 1-2 in. of display movement for one turn Lever (coarse) – 1 unit of display element movement per 3 units of lever movement Scale dependent on display type—moving-pointer circular scale, moving-pointer linear scale, or fixed-pointer linear scale, digital, parallel, Scale dependent on display type—moving-pointer circular scale, moving-pointer linear scale, or fixed-pointer linear scale, digital, parallel,

10. Avoid: Ambiguity Control and display panels facing each other, or widely separated Fixed-pointer moving-scale, unless necessary Time lag between action and response Parallax effects Parallax can happen if operator is not directly in front of display.Parallax can happen if operator is not directly in front of display.

11. Visual Displays

12. Warning/caution displays Visually prominent warnings and danger signals Flashing red 3-5 Hz, 50% duty cycle Use yellow for caution May flash or not 2 Hz, 70% duty cycle Text height = 8.7-17.4 mrad Warnings and danger signals should be prominent and immediately noticeable. Colors and frequencies are specified, along with text height relative to viewing distance (30 -60 minutes of subtended arc)Warnings and danger signals should be prominent and immediately noticeable. Colors and frequencies are specified, along with text height relative to viewing distance (30 -60 minutes of subtended arc)

13. Display illumination Readable in all ambient lighting Night vision capable when indicated Blackout capable Sufficient character/background contrast

14. Display information Only necessary content Information remains on display long enough for detection Readable with user wearing NBC mask

15. Avoid: Redundancy Operation and maintenance information on same display Unrelated markings (trademark, mfr, etc.) Redundancy is usually avoided, unless it helps to warn of danger. Operator of system should not have to sift through unrelated material on display.Redundancy is usually avoided, unless it helps to warn of danger. Operator of system should not have to sift through unrelated material on display.

16. Location and arrangement Follow general guidelines Maximum viewing distance = 25 inches 30 inches o.k. with ejection seat Avoid: Reflection and glare on display Vibration that degrades user performance Need for extra lighting to read display For location and arrangement Follow general guidelines if none specific to the display are listed For location and arrangement Follow general guidelines if none specific to the display are listed

17. Display coding Objective – Discrimination of common functions, relationships, critical information Preservation of conventional practices Accepted coding types: Flash Color Size

18. Coding example Example of exact specifications – Size, type, colorExample of exact specifications – Size, type, color

19. Transilluminated displays General visual display principles apply Special requirements for luminance levels Dimmer control Unaffected by ambient light or glare Lamp redundancy Legend lights preferable to simple indicator lights Transilluminated displays have a lighting source behind the display that shines through the display. Can be in the form of small lights on a console, illuminated push buttons. They need to be readable in all lighting conditions, and not fail if one bulb fails.Transilluminated displays have a lighting source behind the display that shines through the display. Can be in the form of small lights on a console, illuminated push buttons. They need to be readable in all lighting conditions, and not fail if one bulb fails.

20. Mechanical displays Scale indicators should start at zero, unless special requirements Pointers – No overlap over marks or numerals Numerals must remain upright on “moving scale-fixed pointer” display

21. CRT displays Use when: Multiple viewer positions High display brightness desired High mean time between failure High resolution Large color range Have specific luminance and contrast requirements CRT display—this does not include personal computers—covered later in presentation According to standard, CRTs not preferred because of high power consumption. CRT display—this does not include personal computers—covered later in presentation According to standard, CRTs not preferred because of high power consumption.

22. Optical projection displays

23. Other visual displays Examples: Counters, printers, plotters and recorders, flags, LEDs, dot matrix, electroluminescence, LCDs Representational, stereoscopic, head up, helmet mounted displays Most follow general visual display guidelines. Some special requirements exist Example: No red LEDs next to red warning lights.

24. Use of color In absence of other guidelines: Warm colors (red, yellow) = response or action Cool colors (green, blue) = background information Accommodate color-blindness In transilluminated displays Flashing red = emergency situation Red = malfunction, no-go Yellow = caution Green = ready, activated White = system condition, alternative, function

25. Large screen displays Appropriate for multiple viewers Characters at least 10 minutes of visual angle, 20 min. preferred Character width should be 0.9 of character height Stroke width 1/6 to /18 character height. Off center viewing 10 degrees or less

26. Special displays Head-up displays Compatible with human visual system Helmet mounted displays Compatible with visual system Physical factors Weight of helmet External helmet attachments Head up displays have specific measurable requirements for viewing distance, focus distance, field of view. Helmet displays have other specifications, such as how many shades of gray are required for the display, field of view, mode selection to reduce clutter. Must also consider the effect of the helmet itself on the user. Too much weight will cause muscle fatigue and strain; external attachments may limit ROMHead up displays have specific measurable requirements for viewing distance, focus distance, field of view. Helmet displays have other specifications, such as how many shades of gray are required for the display, field of view, mode selection to reduce clutter. Must also consider the effect of the helmet itself on the user. Too much weight will cause muscle fatigue and strain; external attachments may limit ROM

27. Here is an sample display from EDO Corporation; it is an company involved with avionics simulation and testing equipment. Principles: Right to left activation Groupings of similar controls Gestalt/alignment of on/off Cool color to convey status – green numerals Consistency of symbols on Start, Pause,Stop buttonsHere is an sample display from EDO Corporation; it is an company involved with avionics simulation and testing equipment. Principles: Right to left activation Groupings of similar controls Gestalt/alignment of on/off Cool color to convey status – green numerals Consistency of symbols on Start, Pause,Stop buttons

28. Audio Displays

29. Indications for audio displays Information is short, simple, requires immediate or time-based response Visual display is restricted or degraded Critical event warrants redundant input Alert operator to subsequent additional response Operator anticipates audio signal Voice communication is necessary or desirable. This is one instance where redundancy is good. Sometimes the operator expects an audio signal, rather than visual.This is one instance where redundancy is good. Sometimes the operator expects an audio signal, rather than visual.

30. Audio signals Only one meaning per signal Frequency, intensity, pulse pattern should match urgency of situation. Manual override for non-critical signals System/equipment failure does not disable warning signals One meaning per signal—when signal sounds, shouldn’t have to decide what it means One meaning per signal—when signal sounds, shouldn’t have to decide what it means

31. Specified signal characteristics Frequency Intensity Alerting capacity –avoid startle reaction Discriminability Prohibited signals – any that are similar to other sounds in the environment: static, hisses, scrambled speech, random equipment noise, etc. Frequencies and intensities can be combined to provide a unique signal for a given situation; signals should differ on two parameters. Example—can’t use low intensity signal and high intensity signal at the same frequency for two different warnings.Frequencies and intensities can be combined to provide a unique signal for a given situation; signals should differ on two parameters. Example—can’t use low intensity signal and high intensity signal at the same frequency for two different warnings.

33. MIL-STD1472F 5.4-5.7 Part II Mark Vachon

34. Controls

35. General Criteria Direction of movement Consistency of movement Operator orientation Grouping Controls operated together should be grouped Sequential Primary Consistent Follow minimum spacing guidelines Prevention of accidental actuation Direction of movement should be consistent with the related movement of the display. Exception: 2 dimensions Controls should be oriented to operator. Grouping: controls operated in a sequence should be grouped along with associated displays Sequential: if task follows a pattern, should be in sequence, primary in favorable position, consistent from panel-to-panel, display to display. Spacing; so as not to interfere with NBC protective gear, gloves or mittens. Controls should be designed so that they cannot accidentally be moved, especially if it can result in equipment damage or bodily injury. Controls should not be susceptible to accidental movement Covers, interlocks, shields, movement resistance, etc. Direction of movement should be consistent with the related movement of the display. Exception: 2 dimensions Controls should be oriented to operator. Grouping: controls operated in a sequence should be grouped along with associated displays Sequential: if task follows a pattern, should be in sequence, primary in favorable position, consistent from panel-to-panel, display to display. Spacing; so as not to interfere with NBC protective gear, gloves or mittens. Controls should be designed so that they cannot accidentally be moved, especially if it can result in equipment damage or bodily injury. Controls should not be susceptible to accidental movement Covers, interlocks, shields, movement resistance, etc.

36. General Criteria (cont.): coding Coding: used to differentiate between controls, should be consistent throughout the system Location: controls associated with similar functions should be grouped by location Size: no more than 3 different sizes should be used to discriminate controls by size Shape: when visual is not possible, should differentiate by feel: when gloves are used Color: only as a supplement, no more than 5. Coding: used to differentiate between controls, should be consistent throughout the system Location: controls associated with similar functions should be grouped by location Size: no more than 3 different sizes should be used to discriminate controls by size Shape: when visual is not possible, should differentiate by feel: when gloves are used Color: only as a supplement, no more than 5.

37. Types of Controls Listings for each type of control contain: Usage Dimensions and shapes Displacement and resistance Size and color Coding Marking Visibility Each type of manual control listing contains information on the following: Usage: situations they should be used or not used. Dimensions: shape of control. Some have max and minimum dimensions Displacement and resistance: the action of the control, force required for movement and description of the movement; Ex. Discrete thumbwheel controls: resistance should be elastic, build up, then snap into place. Coding: Types of coding that are appropriate Marking, visibility: brightness levels, types of markings.Each type of manual control listing contains information on the following: Usage: situations they should be used or not used. Dimensions: shape of control. Some have max and minimum dimensions Displacement and resistance: the action of the control, force required for movement and description of the movement; Ex. Discrete thumbwheel controls: resistance should be elastic, build up, then snap into place. Coding: Types of coding that are appropriate Marking, visibility: brightness levels, types of markings.

38. Types of Controls Foot controls: Pedals, switches Used when great force is required or hands are occupied Not used when precision or balance is required, many separate controls Usable with boots, natural foot and leg movements Foot controls Used: Force greater than upper-body is capable of. Hands will be occupied. Not used: Precise movement, balance problems, many separate controls Foot controls Used: Force greater than upper-body is capable of. Hands will be occupied. Not used: Precise movement, balance problems, many separate controls

39. Types of Controls Rotary controls Discrete adjustment Selector switches: 3+ positions Key switches: security Thumbwheel: series of numbers with readout Continuous adjustment Knobs: precise adjustment of a continuous variable Thumbwheel: alternative to knobs, compact Cranks: many rotations, high rates or force required, also precision X-Y control Rotary selector switch: not for two position function unless speed is not critical Key switches: for security purposes Thumbwheel: have to have a readout above, series of numbers (up to 10) Knobs: continuous variable, fixed scale, Thumbwheel is compact alternative Cranks: Large for high rates or force, small for precise adjustments. Guidelines for min and maximum amount of force required to operate control Rotary selector switch: not for two position function unless speed is not critical Key switches: for security purposes Thumbwheel: have to have a readout above, series of numbers (up to 10) Knobs: continuous variable, fixed scale, Thumbwheel is compact alternative Cranks: Large for high rates or force, small for precise adjustments. Guidelines for min and maximum amount of force required to operate control

40. Types of Controls Linear Controls Discrete adjustment Push buttons: momentary contact Keyboards Toggle and rocker switches: 2 discrete control positions Slide switch: 2+ discrete position, arranged in a matrix Push-pull: 2 discrete func., but should be used only in expected situations Push button: momentary contact with an actuating circuit, not where function status is determined, i.e. on/off button Min/Max dimensions for bare and gloved hands, artic mitten hands Toggle and rocker switch: only for space limitations of when the use of a rotary switch is not possible. Specified dimensions and resistance. Rocker switches should be used if toggle switches can snag Slide switches should be arranged in a matrix to permit easy identification of relative settings Push pull: a three position is only acceptable if selecting the wrong position has no serious consequences; ex. Older high beams on cars Push button: momentary contact with an actuating circuit, not where function status is determined, i.e. on/off button Min/Max dimensions for bare and gloved hands, artic mitten hands Toggle and rocker switch: only for space limitations of when the use of a rotary switch is not possible. Specified dimensions and resistance. Rocker switches should be used if toggle switches can snag Slide switches should be arranged in a matrix to permit easy identification of relative settings Push pull: a three position is only acceptable if selecting the wrong position has no serious consequences; ex. Older high beams on cars

41. Types of Controls Linear Controls (cont.) Continuous adjustment Levers: high forces, large displacement/ multi-mensional control Joystick: precision in 2 dimensions Mouse: XY with associate follower Levers; when high force or large displacement is required: shift lever on a manual transmission vehicle Or, for multi-dimensional control; need limb support Joysticks: precision and control; displacement joysticks (resistance to movement increases with distance user moves from center) should be when control is very important. Ex. Free drawn graphics Can be hand or thumb/fingertip joystick Mouse: zero control order only: generation of X and Y inputs results in a proportional movement of the follower, (cursor), not to be used for free drawn graphics Levers; when high force or large displacement is required: shift lever on a manual transmission vehicle Or, for multi-dimensional control; need limb support Joysticks: precision and control; displacement joysticks (resistance to movement increases with distance user moves from center) should be when control is very important. Ex. Free drawn graphics Can be hand or thumb/fingertip joystick Mouse: zero control order only: generation of X and Y inputs results in a proportional movement of the follower, (cursor), not to be used for free drawn graphics

42. Types of Controls High force controls: Not to be used if exceeding the strength limits of 5th percentile of target population Target population: table shows 5th percentile for males. Females should be 2/3ds values. Not sustained for more than 3 seconds.Target population: table shows 5th percentile for males. Females should be 2/3ds values. Not sustained for more than 3 seconds.

43. Labeling Levers; when high force or large displacement is required: shift lever on a manual transmission vehicle Or, for multi-dimensional control; need limb support Joysticks: precision and control; displacement joysticks (resistance to movement increases with distance user moves from center) should be when control is very important. Ex. Free drawn graphics Can be hand or thumb/fingertip joystick Mouse: zero control order only: generation of X and Y inputs results in a proportional movement of the follower, (cursor), not to be used for free drawn graphics Levers; when high force or large displacement is required: shift lever on a manual transmission vehicle Or, for multi-dimensional control; need limb support Joysticks: precision and control; displacement joysticks (resistance to movement increases with distance user moves from center) should be when control is very important. Ex. Free drawn graphics Can be hand or thumb/fingertip joystick Mouse: zero control order only: generation of X and Y inputs results in a proportional movement of the follower, (cursor), not to be used for free drawn graphics

44. Labeling Must be used when: Items need to be identified Follow procedures Avoid hazards Qualities: Brief Familiar words Visible and legible Contrast with background

45. Labeling Design: Black on light background All capital letters Specified width and spacing of characters Except for dark adaptation, where white on black will not impair night vision. Except for dark adaptation, where white on black will not impair night vision.

46. Physical Accommodation Design shall ensure accommodation, compatibility, operability and maintainability by the user population Having adequate reach, strength, and endurance to perform all physical tasks Clearance for movement Ingress/egress work area Visibility Fit of PPE

47. Physical Accommodation User population: joint service and foreign military personnel Design not to exclude more than 5% of men and women physical factors, 1% for hazards Anthropometric data Nature, frequency and safety of task Position of body during task Mobility or flexibility

48. Workspace Design

49. Workspace Design Non-office environment General requirements Kick space of 4” Handles Floor space of 4’ in front of each console Equipment racks: between rows, 8” greater than the deepest drawers Adequate storage space

50. Workspace Design Specifies Dimensions of the following: Standing Seated Consoles Stairs, ladders, ramps Ingress and egress Hatches Tunnels and crawl spaces Specifies the colors of workspaces

51. Workspace Design Standing Work surfaces 36” above floor Displays 41 to 70” above floor Seated 30 x 16” space Desks 29 to 31” high Chairs with adjustable: Seat pan Backrest Armrests Whenever possible: should strive for it. Other parts of the manual state “shall be provided” this contains the qualifier “whenever possible or practical”. Provides a narrow range of measurements, but is not adjusted for the operator, but to a specified standard.Whenever possible: should strive for it. Other parts of the manual state “shall be provided” this contains the qualifier “whenever possible or practical”. Provides a narrow range of measurements, but is not adjusted for the operator, but to a specified standard.

52. Console Design

53. Horizontal wrap-around console. Vertical stacked console Horizontal wrap-around console. Vertical stacked console

54. Stairs For all stairs and ramps, should be handrails on either side. Dimensions tableFor all stairs and ramps, should be handrails on either side. Dimensions table

55. Stairs, Stair-Ladder, Fixed Ladder

56. Ingress and Egress Sliding doors will not be only personnel exit from a compartment Open inward if door is into a corridor Swinging doors for two-way traffic will have a center door post

57. MIL-STD1472F 5.8-5.14 Part III John McKeel This standard was overhauled in 1999, six months after the MIL-STD-1472E was released. http://hfetag.dtic.mil/docs-hfs/mil-std-1472f.pdf This standard was overhauled in 1999, six months after the MIL-STD-1472E was released. http://hfetag.dtic.mil/docs-hfs/mil-std-1472f.pdf

58. Environment(MIL STD 1472F, section 5.8.x)

59. Environment Standards Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning Illuminance Acoustical noise Vibration Virtual environments The Environment Standards are meant to limit the users’ exposure to environmental factors that would get in the way of accomplishing the user’s task (e.g. air flow standards change between enclosed spaces when loose papers and manuals are introduced, no more than 200 ft. / min. vs. 100 to an optimal 65 ft. / min. in the latter). All of the environmental standards have detailed charts and graphs so that the product’s designed task has definite parameters to meet, protecting the user, and ideally creating a sense of familiarity for the user switching between multiple systems / products (e.g. improved performance at recall through environment familiarity). The parameters set in the MIL STD 1472F are based on studies so particular that there is very little left to chance, such as vibration parameters set for seating, standing, vehicles, buildings, and equipment-only situations (ref. ISO 2631). Virtual environments are included, even in their currently limited state, in the same way (e.g. data drawn from Louise’s portion on monitors). The current guidelines leave a lot to be worked out by the designers (e.g. 5.8.5.2.4 Visual Field, “The visual field on direct view CRTs should be limited to that required for task accomplishment.” What that means, exactly, is still up for debate as the University of Idaho itself is running experiments on what the crucial thresholds for FOV are (ref. Dr. Dyre’s Human Factors lab)).The Environment Standards are meant to limit the users’ exposure to environmental factors that would get in the way of accomplishing the user’s task (e.g. air flow standards change between enclosed spaces when loose papers and manuals are introduced, no more than 200 ft. / min. vs. 100 to an optimal 65 ft. / min. in the latter). All of the environmental standards have detailed charts and graphs so that the product’s designed task has definite parameters to meet, protecting the user, and ideally creating a sense of familiarity for the user switching between multiple systems / products (e.g. improved performance at recall through environment familiarity). The parameters set in the MIL STD 1472F are based on studies so particular that there is very little left to chance, such as vibration parameters set for seating, standing, vehicles, buildings, and equipment-only situations (ref. ISO 2631). Virtual environments are included, even in their currently limited state, in the same way (e.g. data drawn from Louise’s portion on monitors). The current guidelines leave a lot to be worked out by the designers (e.g. 5.8.5.2.4 Visual Field, “The visual field on direct view CRTs should be limited to that required for task accomplishment.” What that means, exactly, is still up for debate as the University of Idaho itself is running experiments on what the crucial thresholds for FOV are (ref. Dr. Dyre’s Human Factors lab)).

60. Design for Maintainer(MIL STD 1472F, section 5.9.x)

61. Design for Maintainer General Mounting of items within units Adjustment controls Accessibility Lubrication Case and cover mounting Cases Covers Access openings and covers Fasteners This portion of MIL STD 1472F, sets the guidelines for the maintenance requirements of products. The military has to have equipment that can be maintained with a minimal amount of tools, parts and time. It is essential to keep repairs and preventive measures as simple as possible, for the mechanics and technicians, since there are so many pieces of equipment (in number and range) in the military. Like any good Human Factors Engineering (HFE), the less knowledge that the user—or maintainer—has to keep in their heads to operate the product, the better its design. Section 5.9 tries to quantify that by outlining a standard for all equipment designs, to keep the maintainers able to move through several like systems efficiently and to move between different types of equipment with a minimum of specialized knowledge (e.g. in all military equipment manuals or “Technical Manuals (TMs),” Chapter 2 always outlines the end user’s process for preventive maintenance and functions checks). Here you will also find the average limits for human lifting without undue stress, the types of handles best suited to certain loads, and other specific design specifications for the MIL STD approved interaction of maintainer and equipment loads (e.g. Fig. 40-42, Table XIX).This portion of MIL STD 1472F, sets the guidelines for the maintenance requirements of products. The military has to have equipment that can be maintained with a minimal amount of tools, parts and time. It is essential to keep repairs and preventive measures as simple as possible, for the mechanics and technicians, since there are so many pieces of equipment (in number and range) in the military. Like any good Human Factors Engineering (HFE), the less knowledge that the user—or maintainer—has to keep in their heads to operate the product, the better its design. Section 5.9 tries to quantify that by outlining a standard for all equipment designs, to keep the maintainers able to move through several like systems efficiently and to move between different types of equipment with a minimum of specialized knowledge (e.g. in all military equipment manuals or “Technical Manuals (TMs),” Chapter 2 always outlines the end user’s process for preventive maintenance and functions checks). Here you will also find the average limits for human lifting without undue stress, the types of handles best suited to certain loads, and other specific design specifications for the MIL STD approved interaction of maintainer and equipment loads (e.g. Fig. 40-42, Table XIX).

62. Design of Equipment for Remote Handling (MIL STD 1472F, section 5.10.x)

63. Design of Equipment for Remote Handling Characteristics of equipment to be handled remotely Feedback Manipulator Viewing equipment Illumination While it is a separate section within section 5.10 of MIL STD 1472F, Feedback is really the overall concept described by the parameters in the design of equipment for remote handling. According to section 5.10.2, “Feedback shall be provided from remote work areas to the operator of the remote-handling system. Visual information shall be regarded as most critical, followed, in order, by kinesthetic, tactual, and auditory feedback. Warning indicators should be presented wherever the operator needs to see or hear them.” The majority of the other points in section 5.10 simply describe the minutia—symbol or pattern coding is preferable to color coding in visual displays, etc.—or emphasize HFE-style internal safeties—locks that only operate one way and have a clear visual indicator of the lock’s position.While it is a separate section within section 5.10 of MIL STD 1472F, Feedback is really the overall concept described by the parameters in the design of equipment for remote handling. According to section 5.10.2, “Feedback shall be provided from remote work areas to the operator of the remote-handling system. Visual information shall be regarded as most critical, followed, in order, by kinesthetic, tactual, and auditory feedback. Warning indicators should be presented wherever the operator needs to see or hear them.” The majority of the other points in section 5.10 simply describe the minutia—symbol or pattern coding is preferable to color coding in visual displays, etc.—or emphasize HFE-style internal safeties—locks that only operate one way and have a clear visual indicator of the lock’s position.

64. Small Systems and Equipment  (MIL STD 1472F, section 5.11.x)

65. Small Systems and Equipment Portability and load carrying Tracking Optical instruments and related equipment The first portion of this section, 5.11.1, is primarily concerned with the parameters necessary for equipment to be moved by individuals without causing undue stress on their body (e.g. distributing loads across several muscle groups, providing handles to share the load with another porter, using materials and case designs that prevent snags or harm to the porter). The second part, 5.11.2, covers the mapping of controls for coordinating the system towards a target—gun laying, identification of a target, etc. The third is closely related to the tracking control, as it covers augmentation of the user’s vision through optics, both in the magnification (no more than 4 power for a hand held weapon’s sights) and the physical construction (e.g. eye relief, entrance and exit pupils, maximum weight for binoculars, etc.). It seems that as technology progresses in optics—computer assisted stabilization, for instance—that this will need to be revised soon, like the portion on Virtual Environments earlier. The third part, on optics, also reviews the maintainer’s guidelines from section 5.9 including specific parameters for optical instruments (e.g. bore sighting, positioning aids and purging / charging).The first portion of this section, 5.11.1, is primarily concerned with the parameters necessary for equipment to be moved by individuals without causing undue stress on their body (e.g. distributing loads across several muscle groups, providing handles to share the load with another porter, using materials and case designs that prevent snags or harm to the porter). The second part, 5.11.2, covers the mapping of controls for coordinating the system towards a target—gun laying, identification of a target, etc. The third is closely related to the tracking control, as it covers augmentation of the user’s vision through optics, both in the magnification (no more than 4 power for a hand held weapon’s sights) and the physical construction (e.g. eye relief, entrance and exit pupils, maximum weight for binoculars, etc.). It seems that as technology progresses in optics—computer assisted stabilization, for instance—that this will need to be revised soon, like the portion on Virtual Environments earlier. The third part, on optics, also reviews the maintainer’s guidelines from section 5.9 including specific parameters for optical instruments (e.g. bore sighting, positioning aids and purging / charging).

66. Operation and Maintenance of Ground / Shipboard Vehicles  (MIL STD 1472F, section 5.12.x)

67. Operation and Maintenance of Ground / Shipboard Vehicles Seating Controls Operational instructions Visibility Heating and ventilation Trailers, vans, and intervehicular connections Cranes, materials handling, and construction Automotive subsystems In section 5.12, MIL STD 1472 dictates the adjustment criteria necessary for the accommodation of any user from the 5th to 95th percentiles (ref. Section 5.6.1 as well as Table XX). Reference materials are required for the operation of any piece of equipment, including placards posted for vehicles with illicit speed limits for gears, and mandatory operating procedures (pictures preferred). There are also minimum and maximum standards (e.g. a minimal 180 degree FOV, 220 preferred). Otherwise, the maintenance requirements are listed again with some specificity to automotive related differences (e.g. battery terminals of different sizes for positive and negative to avoid accidental cross-wiring, or that winch cables should be able to be payed out by one crewmember), and safety designs (e.g. winches must be operable while wearing arctic mittens).In section 5.12, MIL STD 1472 dictates the adjustment criteria necessary for the accommodation of any user from the 5th to 95th percentiles (ref. Section 5.6.1 as well as Table XX). Reference materials are required for the operation of any piece of equipment, including placards posted for vehicles with illicit speed limits for gears, and mandatory operating procedures (pictures preferred). There are also minimum and maximum standards (e.g. a minimal 180 degree FOV, 220 preferred). Otherwise, the maintenance requirements are listed again with some specificity to automotive related differences (e.g. battery terminals of different sizes for positive and negative to avoid accidental cross-wiring, or that winch cables should be able to be payed out by one crewmember), and safety designs (e.g. winches must be operable while wearing arctic mittens).

68. Hazards and Safety (MIL STD 1472F, section 5.13.x)

69. Hazards and Safety Warning labels and placards Pipe, hose, and tube line identification General workspace hazards General equipment-related hazards Platforms Electrical, mechanical, fluid, toxic, and radiation hazards Trainers Stealth and covert operations There are some specific mandates for warnings, such as posting labels on lines for gas, steam and other liquids with their hazardous properties and making physical features of the equipment safe (e.g. rounding edges to a radius not less than 0.75 mm). Others are more nebulous, such as the guidelines in this section for illumination (e.g. “Adequate illumination shall be provided in all areas.”). Toxic and radiological hazards’ parameters are outlined in a supplementary set of guidelines, MIL HNDBK 759 and 454. Obviously, there are some instances where bright colored placards and warning lights put military users at more risk than the danger posed by the equipment—combat and covert operations, for instance. For products designed for those specific situations, MIL STD 1472F outlines the use of integral safety features, like barriers and interlocks, to prevent dangerous misuse. There are some specific mandates for warnings, such as posting labels on lines for gas, steam and other liquids with their hazardous properties and making physical features of the equipment safe (e.g. rounding edges to a radius not less than 0.75 mm). Others are more nebulous, such as the guidelines in this section for illumination (e.g. “Adequate illumination shall be provided in all areas.”). Toxic and radiological hazards’ parameters are outlined in a supplementary set of guidelines, MIL HNDBK 759 and 454. Obviously, there are some instances where bright colored placards and warning lights put military users at more risk than the danger posed by the equipment—combat and covert operations, for instance. For products designed for those specific situations, MIL STD 1472F outlines the use of integral safety features, like barriers and interlocks, to prevent dangerous misuse.

70. User-Computer Interface  (MIL STD 1472F, section 5.14.x)

71. User-Computer Interface Data entry Data display Interactive control Feedback Prompts Default Error management/data protection System response time Other requirements Data and message transmission According to section 5.14, computers designed for the military should be quick to turn on, offer plenty of feedback (e.g. system status, log-on status pop-ups) have built-in help options, allow for emergency shutdown without losing data, and minimize the amount of special necessary to operate the system. This section has a long list of finite requirements for the function of computer systems, designed to map more efficiently and operate with a user’s expectations or natural processes (e.g. if a cursor needs to be moved while inputting data via a keyboard, then the cursor should be able to be moved through the keyboard as well). Consistent with HFE, all actions should be “undoable,” protecting data against slips and errors. The amount of keying required to accomplish a task should be minimized, keys for specific processes should be grouped together, and consistent feedback for all operations is mandated for the same reason. Output features are designed in the same way as Louise covered earlier—with focus on emergent features (e.g. color filled symbols rather than color outlined versions, special symbols designating a certain condition should only be used for that one meaning) and minute details (e.g. the use of Arabic numerals is preferred to Roman, items in a list are to be arranged vertically with new items listed on a new line). This section covers a wide range of computing styles, from the design requirements of command-line interfaces to the more natural familiarity of GUI. Again, the emphasis of the line-item requirements is to simplify operations, use appropriate grouping of input / output features, and minimize the special knowledge required to operate the device. The implied effect on equipment designed according to MIL STD 1472 is that the user’s natural frame of reference will be met by creation of easy-to-use features and a standardization of controls and operating environments will facilitate rapid response and short learning times for the user. According to section 5.14, computers designed for the military should be quick to turn on, offer plenty of feedback (e.g. system status, log-on status pop-ups) have built-in help options, allow for emergency shutdown without losing data, and minimize the amount of special necessary to operate the system. This section has a long list of finite requirements for the function of computer systems, designed to map more efficiently and operate with a user’s expectations or natural processes (e.g. if a cursor needs to be moved while inputting data via a keyboard, then the cursor should be able to be moved through the keyboard as well). Consistent with HFE, all actions should be “undoable,” protecting data against slips and errors. The amount of keying required to accomplish a task should be minimized, keys for specific processes should be grouped together, and consistent feedback for all operations is mandated for the same reason. Output features are designed in the same way as Louise covered earlier—with focus on emergent features (e.g. color filled symbols rather than color outlined versions, special symbols designating a certain condition should only be used for that one meaning) and minute details (e.g. the use of Arabic numerals is preferred to Roman, items in a list are to be arranged vertically with new items listed on a new line). This section covers a wide range of computing styles, from the design requirements of command-line interfaces to the more natural familiarity of GUI. Again, the emphasis of the line-item requirements is to simplify operations, use appropriate grouping of input / output features, and minimize the special knowledge required to operate the device. The implied effect on equipment designed according to MIL STD 1472 is that the user’s natural frame of reference will be met by creation of easy-to-use features and a standardization of controls and operating environments will facilitate rapid response and short learning times for the user.

72. End of Presentation Louise Kreider Mark Vachon John McKeel