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Water, Sanitation and Climate Change – What are the challenges for Global Health ?

Water, Sanitation and Climate Change – What are the challenges for Global Health ?. Arve Heistad Associate Professor Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology. 2. Changes in river flow for a 4°C temperature increase.

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Water, Sanitation and Climate Change – What are the challenges for Global Health ?

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  1. Water, Sanitation and Climate Change – What are the challenges for Global Health ? Arve Heistad Associate Professor Norwegian University of Life Sciences

  2. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 2

  3. Changes in river flow for a 4°C temperature increase Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 3 Arnell, N. W. (2006). Climate change and water resources: a global perspective. In Schellnhuber, H J., Cramer, W., Nakicenovic, N., Wigley, T. and Yohe, G (Eds). Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 167-175.

  4. More frequent flooding events Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 4

  5. Water resources Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 5

  6. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 6

  7. DALYs – a general measure for health Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) morbidity: years lived with a disability mortality: years lost DALY (loss of healthy lived years) = n x t x S n = number of affected persons t = the duration of the health effect S = measure of the severity of the health effect (mortality = 1)

  8. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 8

  9. Average health burdens from diarrhoeal diseases by regions Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 9

  10. Present situation: • More than 4000 people dies every day because of poor water, sanitation and hygiene (mostly children) • 2,6 billion people need improved sanitation • Safe sanitation for 360 000 people every day to meet the MDGs • Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa or by parasites are the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking-water (WHO) Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 10

  11. Water and foodborne diseasees have great influence on household productivity, economy and welfare. • United Nations have identified 46 countries with 2,7 billion people, facing high risk of violent conflict because of water-related crisis or climate change. • Another 56 countries with 1,2 billion people are at high risk of political instability of the same reason. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 11

  12. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 12 http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMP-2010Final.pdf

  13. Median percentage of wastewater treated by treatment plants

  14. Eutrophication – an increasing problem Vann- og Miljøteknikk ved IMT 14

  15. Ecosystems at risk because of water scarcity Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 15

  16. Urbanization trends in Africa Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 16 Nyenje et al.2010

  17. Durban, South Africa

  18. Vann- og Miljøteknikk ved IMT Is the solution piped water and sanitation with centralized treatment ? 18

  19. Value of infrastructures in Norway (bNOK) Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology Buildings Roads Water/San Hydropower O. Lindholm 19

  20. Water leakages Kilde: EEA/ O. Lindholm Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 20

  21. Leakages in the sewer system • Huge ammounts of untreated wastewater discharged by overflows during heavy rainfall Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 21

  22. Algae growth in the Oslo fjord 2009 Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 22

  23. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 23

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  27. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 28

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  32. 20 - 40% of household water consumption in sewered cities is due to water toilet flushing Vann- og Miljøteknikk ved IMT • Contamination risks • Resources down the drain • Water, nutrients, energy 33

  33. Valuable resources: In household wastewater:* 90 % of N* 80 % of P* 80 % of K* 40-75 % of org.mattercomes from the toilet fraction(blackwater) Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 34

  34. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 35 Vinnerås

  35. Toilets for Urine diversion Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 36

  36. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 37 A. Heistad

  37. Major Phosphorus reserves – Empty in 50 – 100 years Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 38

  38. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 39 Cordell et al. 2009

  39. Wastewater use for irrigation/fertilization • Local food production • Hygienically acceptable ?

  40. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 41

  41. Energy ? Source separating systems for wastewater treatment: - Anaerobic digesters producing methane • Fertilizer : To produce 1 kg mineral N- fertilizer you need energy equivalent to 1 Liter of diesel oil. = Reducing C02 emissions Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 42

  42. Climate change will lead to: • Increased number of disease outbreaks • Water scarcity – waterwashed diseases – cholera • Flooding events – waterborne diseases, all kinds • Increased losses of nutrients • Agricultural runoff and soil losses • Overflows in sewer systems Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology Additional driving factors : • World population increasing by 80 mill/yr • Transition from vegetarian diet to ….. • Urbanization – high density, poor populations 43

  43. Calling for new strategies: • Capacity building • Where effects of climate change are included • Where adaptive strategies are emphasized • Technology development • Systems that reduces the discharges (losses) of untreated wastewater to water environment and soil. • Systems that are optimized for recycling of valuable resources, adapted to local needs and constraints and able to cope with future extreme weather conditions • Risk-based system evaluation, including management issues. • Large scale implementation • Of small-scale, decentralized, source separating systems. • As part of an overall water management strategy. • Governed by local managers / stakeholders. • As an integrated part of the capacity building activities. Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 44

  44. Thank you for your attention ! Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology 45

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