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Gene Expression and Cell Differentiation

Gene Expression and Cell Differentiation. A Stem Cell Story. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-3J6JGN-_Y#t=36. Gene expression  is the process by which information from a  gene  is used in the synthesis of a functional  gene product . These products are often  proteins .

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Gene Expression and Cell Differentiation

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  1. Gene ExpressionandCell Differentiation

  2. A Stem Cell Story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-3J6JGN-_Y#t=36

  3. Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins. But in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA

  4. What is Gene Expression? Gene expression is the activation of a gene that results in a protein.

  5. . The process of gene expression is used by all known life: eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms) prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) Purpose: To generate the macromolecular machinery for life.

  6. Gene Expression in Genetics In Genetics, gene expression is where thegenotype gives rise to the phenotype. Thegenetic code stored in DNA is "interpreted" by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype.

  7. Regulation of Gene Expression Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function. It is the basis for: cellular differentiation adaptability of any organism evolutionary change (control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have an effect on the functions or actions of the gene in a cell)

  8. Cell Differentiation • Cell differentiationis the development of cells into cells with specialized functions. • Examples: muscle cells, liver cell, red blood cells

  9. Role of DNA in Cell Differentiation DNA holds the code that determines which traits (proteins) will be expressed to make a cell specialized.

  10. Role of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) in Cell Differentiation RNA carries the code from DNA and helps assemble the proteins that make cells become specialized.

  11. Role of Environmental Factors in Cell Differentiation Radiation, toxic chemicals, temperature, nutrition, etc. can alter gene expression and cause cell differentiation. Example: Arctic Fox - Its fur changes color with the seasons: Winter it is white to blend in with snow Summer it is brown.

  12. Introducing stem cells

  13. A life story… Stem cells cells that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types

  14. What is a stem cell? stem cell SELF-RENEWAL (copying) DIFFERENTIATION (specializing) specialized cell e.g. muscle cell, nerve cell stem cell

  15. What is a stem cell? Stem cell Stem cell DIFFERENTIATION (specializing) SELF-RENEWAL (copying) Identical stem cells Specialized cells

  16. Why self-renew AND differentiate? 1 stem cell 4 specialized cells 1 stem cell Differentiation - replaces dead or damaged cells throughout your life Self renewal - maintains the stem cell pool

  17. Where are stem cells found? tissue stem cells fetus, baby and throughout life embryonic stem cells blastocyst - a very early embryo • Types of stem cells: • Embryonic stem cells • Tissue stem cells

  18. Embryonic stem (ES) cells: Where we find them blastocyst cells inside = ‘inner cell mass’ fluid with nutrients culture in the lab to grow more cells embryonic stem cells taken from the inner cell mass outer layer of cells = ‘trophectoderm’

  19. Embryonic stem (ES) cells: What they can do differentiation embryonic stem cells PLURIPOTENT all possible types of specialized cells

  20. Embryonic stem (ES) cells: Challenges skin grow under conditions A grow under conditions B neurons embryonic stem cells grow under conditions C blood grow under conditions D ? liver

  21. Tissue stem cells: Where we find them surface of the eye brain skin breast intestines (gut) testicles bone marrow muscles

  22. Tissue stem cells: What they can do blood stem cell differentiation found in bone marrow only specialized types of blood cell: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets MULTIPOTENT

  23. Stem cell jargon PotencyA measure of how many types of specialized cells a stem cell can make. PluripotentCan make all types of specialized cells in the body Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. MultipotentCan make multiple types of specialized cells, but not all types Tissue stem cells are multipotent.

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