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Political Institutions of the PRC. Structure of the Party State. Design Features Guardianship Describes the main relationship between the Communist Party and society Mass line Party Organization Democratic centralism – Leninist principle Guanxi
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Structure of the Party State • Design Features • Guardianship • Describes the main relationship between the Communist Party and society • Mass line • Party Organization • Democratic centralism – Leninist principle • Guanxi • 66 million members of the CCP (bigger than all but 22 countries)
The Mass Line Principle • Mao’s idea that a line of communication between party leaders and the public would allow all to struggle toward realization of the goals of a communist state
Guanxi • Patron-client relationships in China • Connections that can lead to advancement within the CCP
Structure of the Party State: Government Structures – Legislative • National People’s Congress (NPC) • According to Constitution, formal power of governing rests with the NPC • Elected for five-year terms by delegates in provincial-level congresses and the armed forces • 2,591 members assemble once annually for a plenary session of about two weeks • Formally has extensive powers: amendment of the constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans, etc. • Central Committee’s Standing Committee functions when NPC is not in session
Structure of the Party State - Executives • State Council • The premier (or prime minister) is the head of government • President- Head of State – mainly a ceremonial office, but recently the president has also been the general secretary of the CCP which means he’s had much more power • Elected for 5-year terms by NPC • As in most parliamentary systems, the bulk of legislation is drafted by specialized ministries and commissions under the direction of the cabinet
Communist Party Leadership – Judiciary • Supreme People’s Court • Supreme People’s Procuratorate • Bridge between public security agencies and the courts
Structure of the Party State • Party Structures • National Party Congress (2,000 delegates) • Central Committee (150-200 people) • Exercises the powers of the congress between sessions • Chinese political elites • Politburo – about 24 people who run the party’s day-to-day business
Structure of the Party State • People’s Liberation Army • Does not dictate policy to party leaders, but it is the self-appointed guardian of Chinese sovereignty and nationalism. • CCP has significant influence over PLA, despite fact that the constitution formally establishes chain of command through the National People’s Congress (NPC)
Structure of the Party State • Party Dominance • Nomenklatura system – the pool from which the political and economic elite is chosen • The most important mechanism by which the Communist Party exerts control over officials
Policymaking and Implementation • Three tiers in policymaking: • Politburo and its Standing Committee • Leading small groups (LSGs) • Relevant party departments and government ministries
Policy Performance • Economic Growth • Success story; opening up to foreign trade and investment • Trade balances in China’s favor • Decentralization • Reform of SOEs • “Socialism with Chinese characteristics” • Environmental Degradation • Economic growth = serious environmental damage • “First development, then environment”
Policy Performance • Population Control • Little regulation during Maoist years; 1978 population close to a billion • One-child family policy • State-sponsored family planning added to the constitution • Ideal family had one child • Most couples required to stop childbearing after one or two births • Married couples in urban areas restricted to one child • In rural areas, married couples are subject to rules that differ across provinces. In some, two children permitted. In others, only one child permitted; in most provinces, a second child is permitted only if the first is a girl. • Difficult to implement; many sons ideal: a married daughter joins the household of her husband, while a married son remains in the household to support aging parents. • Policy implementation • Carrots and sticks utilized to encourage one child policy • Perverse outcomes • Shortage of girls • Sex-selective abortions