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General Principles of Pathophysiology

General Principles of Pathophysiology. The Normal Cell Homeostasis Cellular & Tissue Response to Injury. Topics. Discuss the structure and function of normal cells Describe the mechanisms for the general maintenance of homesostasis Discuss the general responses to injury. Structural Levels.

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General Principles of Pathophysiology

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  1. General Principles of Pathophysiology The Normal Cell Homeostasis Cellular & Tissue Response to Injury

  2. Topics • Discuss the structure and function of normal cells • Describe the mechanisms for the general maintenance of homesostasis • Discuss the general responses to injury

  3. Structural Levels

  4. Organization Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Responsiveness Conductivity Movement Reproduction Growth Differentiation Respiration Secretion Excretion CellularFunctions

  5. Cell Kingdoms • Prokaryotes • bacteria • Eukaryotes • plants, animals, fungi

  6. Building Blocks of Life • Amino Acids -> Proteins • Structure & Function • Nucleic Acids -> DNA / RNA • Information Transmission, energy storage • Simple Sugars -> Polysaccharides • Energy Sources, structure • Fatty Acids -> Lipids • Structure, Energy Source

  7. Human Genome as a Book • There are 23 chapters, called CHROMOSOMES • Each chapter contains several thousand stories, called GENES • Each story is made up of paragraphs, called EXONS • Each story is interrupted by advertisements called INTRONS • Each paragraph is made up of words, called CODONS. • Each word is written in letters called BASES

  8. Speaking of DNA…

  9. Phospholipid bilayer Membrane proteins Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosomes Mitochondria Endoplasmic Riticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Cellular Components

  10. Generic Eukaryotic Cell Generic Eukaryotic Cell

  11. Cell Membrane

  12. Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins

  13. Homeostasis Homeo = alike, same Stasis = always, staying System Integration

  14. Endothermic vs Exothermic Reactions Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Reactions ‘Coupling’ Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Energy Needs of Homeostasis

  15. Negative Opposes a change Positive Enhances a change Feedback Loops

  16. Feedback Loop Example  Blood Glucose Snickers Pancreas Insulin Secretion  glucose transport  glycogen storage  Blood Glucose  Hunger Snickers

  17. Endocrine Hormones Nervous Neurotransmitters Methods of Communication

  18. Wired Wireless Neurotransmitters Hormones Short Distance Long Distance Closeness Receptor Specificity Rapid Onset Delayed Onset Short Duration Prolonged Duration Rapid Response Regulation Nervous Endocrine

  19. Mechanism of Action

  20. Synaptic Transmission Synapse Post-synaptic Membrane Pre-synaptic Membrane Neurotransmitter

  21. Nervous System Central N.S. Autonomic N.S. Brain Sympathetic Spinal Cord Parasympathetic

  22. ‘Fight or Flight’ ‘’Feed or Breed’ Activation Restoration Thoracolumbar Craniosacral Adrenergic Cholinergic Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic

  23. Sympathetic Receptors alpha beta Constriction ( Peripheral Vascular Resistance)  Contractility  Automaticity (heart rate) 1 Bronchodilation Vasodilation Inhibit further NE Discharge 2

  24. General Response to Injury • Cellular Adaptation • Mechanisms of Cell Injury • Manifestations of Cell Injury • Cellular Death

  25. Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Cellular Adaptation

  26.  Size of organelles  Size of organelles Energy Usage Atrophy  Workload (or disease state)  Efficiency -OR-  Functionality in disease state

  27.  Size  # of organelles  contractility Hypertrophy  Size  # of organelles  Workload (or disease state)  ability to meet demands! -OR-  Functionality in disease state

  28.  rate of cell division  functionality Hyperplasia  Workload Physiological state  tissue size by  # of cells 2 types: Compensatory & Hormonal  ability to meet demands! ...

  29. Hyperplastic endometrium

  30. Mutation Normal Cells Abnormal Shape & Size Dysplasia Epithelial Tissue Pathological

  31. Cerical Dysplasia Normal Tissue Abnormal Tissue

  32. Normal Cells Abnormal Cells Replacement Metaplasia Ex: Cigarette Smoking Pathological

  33. Hypoxic Chemical Structural (trauma…tons next semester!) Infectious Immunologic / Inflammatory Mechanismsof Injury

  34. HypoxicInjury  Atmospheric Oxygen  Respiratory Function Loss of Hb  Cardiovascular Function  Hb function (CO)  erythropoiesis Most Common Cause of Cellular Injury!

  35. Elevated “Markers” ex CK, CKMB Loss of Phospholipids Membrane Damage Release of Enzymes HypoxicInjury (pathway 1)

  36.  Na+ Pump Function...  mitochondrial oxygenation Vacuolization of mitochondria  ATP Synthesis  Glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)...  mitochondrial function HypoxicInjury (pathway 2)

  37.  protein synthesis E.R. Dilation  cellular function!  intracellular Na+  extracellular K+  intracellular Ca++ Cellular Swelling & rupture  intracellular H2O HypoxicInjury (pathway 2)  Na+ Pump Function...

  38. Release of Lysosomal (Digestive) Enzymes  Lysosome Swelling  Glycogen Stores Cellular Digestion (autodigestion)  Lactic Acid HypoxicInjury (pathway 2) HypoxicInjury (pathway 2)  Glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)...

  39. Na+ K+ ATP pump ATP ADP ATP Na+ K+

  40. Chemical Injury oxyhemeglobin Saturation Carboxy- hemeglobin Pressure

  41. Cellular Swelling Manifestations of Injury Cool Graphics To come!

  42. ‘Programmed Suicide’ Physiological Cell Death Apoptosis Normal to process of cell Replacement & Development! Ex: endometrial sloughing during menstruation Ex: induced apoptosis during Immune response Balance between the “DO IT!” and “DON’T DO IT!” voices…

  43. Coagulative Gelatinous, transparent protein Liquefactive Brain & neurons Caseous Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fatty Breast, pancreas Necrotic Cell Death (pathological) Necrotic Cell Death Firm & opaque Walled-Off Liquid Goo ‘Cased’-Off Cheese Globules Opaque, Chalky Soapy

  44. Coagulative Necrosis - Kidney Necrosis

  45. Liquefactive Necrosis - brain Necrosis

  46. Caseous Necrosis Necrosis Typical of TB tubercule

  47. Fatty Necrosis - pancreas Necrosis

  48. Cirrhosis of the liver Necrosis Note nodular surface

  49. Dry Wet Gas Coagulative Liquefactive Clostridium Gangrene Caused by severe hypoxic injury Tissues not just cells! Release gas into tissue

  50. Dry Gangrene

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