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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. Presentation by: Nathon Ellis Grigsby. Introduction. Warm Up Submitted by: Janet Weaver, Rosary School Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. high. low. Roles and Functions. Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual development Responses to stress and injury

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System Presentation by: Nathon Ellis Grigsby

  2. Introduction Warm Up Submitted by: Janet Weaver, Rosary School Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

  3. high low Roles and Functions • Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual development • Responses to stress and injury • Internal balance of body systems (homeostasis) hormone 1 lowersbody condition gland specific body condition raisesbody condition gland Powerpoint 2007? hormone 2

  4. System Devised of Glands • Exocrine Glands – secrete outside the body through ducts and tubes (sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes) • Endocrine Glands – (ductless) secrete their chemical messengers, or hormones, directly into blood or lymph (adrenaline)

  5. Major Glands • Hypothalamus • Pituitary • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenals • Pancreas • Pineal Body • Reproductive organs (ovaries and testes) Powerpoint 2007?

  6. Glands work by Secreting Hormones chemical messengers that act on TARGET CELLS

  7. Hormone Composition Non-steroid hormones –amino acid-based molecules – Bind to receptor protein on the cell membrane. Functions • growth • circadian rhythms • metabolic rate • lactation • blood calcium level • blood sugar level www.rcsb.org/.../pdb52_1.html

  8. Hormone Composition Steroids –nonlocal active lipids – Bind to receptor protein in the cytoplasm. • Act on organs on a large scale, via blood • Synthesized from cholesterol Functions • Sexual Drive • Fight of Flight Response www.elmhurst.edu/.../vchembook/556steroids.html

  9. Hormone Composition Prostaglandins –local active lipids – Bind to receptor protein in the cytoplasm. • Act on organ produced in, via intracellular matrix Functions • Inflammation • Fever • Intense Pain • Smooth Muscle Constriction in Lungs • Birthing Contractions http://www.medicalcomputing.net/images/prostaglandins_f2beta.png

  10. Control of Hormonal Secretions Back to Operons and Feedback • Negative Feedback—change in direction to maintain a narrow window of accepted range (like the rooms temperature gauge) • Positive Feedback—increase in the same direction (birthing contractions)

  11. Control of Hormonal Secretions Understanding Neural and Endocrine Systems • Sensory Neuron (Impulse) • Hypothalamus (Releasing H) • Pituitary (Stimulating/Secrete H) • Target Gland (Secretes H) • Target Cell (Receives H)

  12. Endocrine vs. Nervous endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon Steriod (blood) target cell receptor proteins receptor proteins Non-Steroid (Intracellular Matrix) Powerpoint 2007?

  13. WorKsHeET Hormonal Regulatory Systems pg 251

  14. Hypothalamus Receives Neural Impulses Initiates Endocrine Signals *Discussed further in brain presentation

  15. Pituitary Gland Location: Base of the brain on the pituitary stalk that connects to Hypothalamus Anatomy: Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary Task: Receives the chemical/neural signals from hypothalamus and begins secretion of stimulation hormones *Referred to as the “Master Gland”

  16. Pituitary http://www.biologie.uni-freiburg.de/data/bio1/varga/images/pituitary.jpg

  17. Anterior Pituitary Hormones • GH (Growth H) • Childhood: stimulates growth and maintains healthy body comp • Adulthood: maintains muscle and bone mass • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin H) • Stimulates cortisol production in adrenal cortex • TSH (Thyroid-Stimulation H) • Stimulates thyroxin production in thyroid

  18. www.faqs.org www.metro.co.uk http://img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2007/10/hornfaceWN_450x350.jpg

  19. Anterior Pituitary Hormones Cont. • LH (Luteinzing H) • Regulates testosterone and estrogen levels • FSH (Follicle-Stimulating H) • Stimulates sperm production and ovulation *LH and FSH work together to allow for normal function of the ovaries or testes • PRL (Prolactin) • Stimulates mammary glands to produce mild, further controls sex hormone levels

  20. Posterior Pituitary Hormones • ADH (Antidiuretic H) • Regulates water balance and retention • Oxytocin • Stimulates milk letdown in nursing and increases contraction intervals and intensities during birthing

  21. hypothalamus Thyroid gland thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Kidney Tubules posterior pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) anterior pituitary oxytocin Adrenal cortex follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) Uterine Muscle Melanocyte Bone And Muscle Mammary Glands Ovary Testis Powerpoint 2007?

  22. The Pituitary and Target Cells Animation

  23. osmoreceptors inhypothalamus increasethirst nephron nephron high JuxtaGlomerularApparatus low nephron (JGA) adrenalgland Negative Feedback Blood Osmolarity ADH increasedwaterreabsorption pituitary blood osmolarity blood pressure increasedwater & saltreabsorption renin aldosterone angiotensinogen angiotensin

  24. Positive Feedback and Oxytocin http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2b_positive_feedbac_c.jpg

  25. Thyroid Gland Location: The thyroid is a small gland ventral side of the neck, in front of trachea. Anatomy: Consists of two lateral lobes connected by a medial tissue mass called the isthmus (largest pure endocrine gland). Task: Regulates growth, development, nervous system activity, and metabolism, (storage and release of broken down food)

  26. Thyroid Gland http://www.pyroenergen.com/articles08/images/thyroid-gland.jpg

  27. Thyroid Hormones • T4/T3 (Thyroxin/Tri-iodothyronine) • Increase the rate that energy is released from carbohydrates • Calcitonin • Lowers blood calcium level http://sinoemedicalassociation.org/pathologylectures/1goiter3.jpg

  28. Parathyroid Gland Location: Behind/Embedded in thyroid Anatomy: Four tiny glands Task: Maintain calcium and phosphorous levels and aid thyroid in control of metabolic process rates

  29. Parathyroid Gland http://services.epnet.com/GetImage.aspx/getImage.aspx?ImageIID=7709

  30. Parathyroid Gland • PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) • PTH raises blood calcium level.

  31. WoRKshEEt E-Bio Worksheet The Thyroid Gland

  32.  kidney reabsorption of Ca++ thyroid Ca++ depositedin bones high  Ca++uptakein intestines low parathyroid  kidney reabsorption of Ca++ bones release Ca++ Endocrine System Control Feedback Regulation of Blood Calcium calcitonin blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL) activated Vitamin D parathyroid hormone (PTH) Powerpoint 2007?

  33. Adrenal Glands Location: On the crown of each kidney. Anatomy: Outer portion is the adrenal cortex while the inner is called the adrenal medulla *hormones of the cortex are essential for life while types secreted by the medulla are not Task: Immediate bodily responses to positive/negative stress (fight or flight)

  34. Adrenal Glands http://www.thyroidinstitute.org/imagesdrenal_gland.jpg

  35. Adrenal Medulla Hormones • Epinephrine/Norepinephrin • Fight or flight responses such as increased heart rate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressure

  36. Adrenal Cortex • Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone) • Helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete potassium (maintains blood pressure) • Glucocortoid (cortisol) • Helps maintain blood pressure and blood glucose level • Adrenal Sex Hormones • Androgens (male) and estrogens (female) • Identical to hormones produced in testes and overies.

  37. Adrenaline Movie

  38. Pancreas Location: The pancreas is a large gland behind your stomach. Anatomy: 98% exocrine tissue, 2% endocrine tissue. Consists of cluster of endocrine cells known as Islets of Langerhans. Task: Helps to maintain healthy glucose levels

  39. Pancreas http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100129_1.htm

  40. Pancreatic Hormones • Glucagon • Stimulates liver to break down glycogen • Raises blood sugar concentration • Insulin • Increases uptake of glucose by cells • Lowers blood sugar concentration

  41. wOrKSHeEt Control of Blood Glucose Pg 255

  42. pancreas high liver low pancreas liver Endocrine System Control Feedback Regulation of Blood Sugar islets of Langerhans beta islet cells insulin body cells takeup sugar from blood liver storesglycogen reducesappetite blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) liver releasesglucose triggershunger islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells glucagon

  43. Pancreatic Deficiencies Diabetes Mellitus—results from insulin deficiency where blood sugar becomes elevated (hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in urine. • Type 1—juvenile onset (insulin dependent) is often caused by inherited immune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the clusters of endocrine cells • Treatment: daily injections • Type 2—mature onset is often caused by overweight individuals • Treatment: diet and exercise

  44. Other Endocrine Glands Pineal Gland Thymus Gland Reproductive Glands

  45. Pineal Gland Location: between the cerebral hemispheres Hormones: • Melatonin—maintains Circadian rhythms (24hr light and dark activity) http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_01_img0052.jpg

  46. Thymus Gland Location: deep in the thorax (large in young and gradually shrinks with age) Hormone: • Thymosin—important to immune fuction

  47. Reproductive Glands Hormones: • Androgen—Promotes sperm production and development/maintenance of secondary characteristics • Estrogen—Stimulates uterine lining growth and development/maintenance of secondary characteristics • Progesterone—Promotes uterine lining growth *Hormones are identacleto those produced in the adrenal cortex

  48. CoLoRiNG! Do Ch9-10 The Endocrine System coloring activity—note the overview has good info for studying purposes

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