The Middle Ages

1. The Middle Ages And the bottom drops out… Living in a Post-Charlemagne world.

2. Big Ideas • Schism • Crusades • Investiture • Daily Life

3. Middle Ages • The High Middle Ages: 800-1300 • Marked by: • Thriving intellectual life • Standardization of Church Practice and Architecture • New Political and Economic Arrangements • Absolute Christendom • Breakdown of centralized power • Attacks by non-Christian civilizations • Church intertwined with state, social, economic and military activity

4. Growing East-West Tensions • Emperor in Constantinople thought himself the only Roman emperor  no control over the West • Each side of the “empire” had unique difficulties which caused its political structure to develop differently in relation to the Church (i.e., role of ruler) • Patriarch of Constantinople grew to equal importance of the Pope in Eastern Christianity. the west didn’t share the same regard for the Patriarch of Constantinople  tensions developed over who had the right to make decisions

5. Remember- Papal Primacy

6. OTHER BIG ISSUES: Western Changes Language: Greek v. Latin Customs such as celibacy v. married clergy Church-State relationships – Pope was very involved in politics PoC was subservient to Emperor in the East Iconoclastic Controversy: images as idolatry? Judaism and Islam discourage/condemn the use of images of the sacred Christianity had a tradition of sacred imagery – seen as helpful especially for the illiterate 726 Eastern Emperor Leo outlawed icons as idolatry and had 1000’s destroyed (he was backed by the Partiarch of Constantinople) Filioque Controversy Papal Primacy The East-West Schism

7. Icons

9. Pope Gregory II :Eastern Emperor did not have the authority to interfere • What does the Church do when it has an issue or controversy?

10. 2nd Council of Nicaea • (787) ruled that icons were fine. • Issues: • The Pope asserted power over the Patriarch of Constantinople • The Byzantine Emperor’s authority over the Church was negated.

11. Nicene Creed • I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life,who proceeds from the Father and the Son,who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified,who has spoken through the prophets….

12. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • Leo IX is widely considered the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages. • His citing of the Donation of Constantine in a letter to the Patriarch of Constantinople brought about the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches. • You will read this for next week. • There is a 3 question quiz.

13. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • Leo IX favored traditional morality in his reformation of the Catholic Church. • One of his first public acts was to hold the well-known Easter synod of 1049, at which celibacy of the clergy (down to the rank of subdeacon) was required anew. • Also, the Easter synod was where the Pope at least succeeded in making clear his own convictions against every kind of simony.

14. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • Leo IX sent a letter to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, in 1054, that cited a large portion of the Donation of Constantine, believing it genuine. • He used the "Donatio" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, a royal priesthood. • Leo IX assured the Patriarch that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable, so only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed that primacy and was the rightful head of all the Church. • So then what happened?

15. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • What were the problems? • Unleavened bread • Filioque • Other random cultural and theological differences

16. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • Roman Rite: unleavened bread, a nod to its Jewish roots • Byzantine Rite: uses leavened bread, with the leaven symbolizing the presence of the Holy Spirit

17. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • It has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity. • The Latin term Filioque describes the double procession of the Holy Spirit and is translated into the English clause "and the Son" in that creed: And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father ⟨and the Son⟩. who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified.

18. Filioque • Nicaea said “from the father” • Later some wanted clarity so they changed it to say “From the father and the son.” • Charlemagne wanted unity so he made the change universal • Eastern Christians resented the change because it was made by a secular leader and they weren’t consulted • To the West, the Eastern Christians seemed to be bordering on Arianism because the change was intended to strengthen the anti-Arian stance

19. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • Culturally? • What do you remember about the Eastern Roman Empire?

20. Papal Leadership • Leo IX (1049-1054AD) • Humbert quickly disposed of negotiations by delivering a bull excommunicating the Patriarch. • This act, though legally invalid due to the Pope's death at the time, was answered by the Patriarch's own bull of excommunication against Humbert and his associates and is popularly considered the official split between the Eastern and Western Churches. • The Patriarch rejected the claims of papal primacy, and subsequently the One Church was split in two in the Great East–West Schism of 1054.

21. East-West Schism – Summary The Players: • Patriarch Michael Cerulaurius (E) • Anti – Latin • Objection to Western Practices i.e. celibacy, fasting on Saturdays, beardlessness. • Closed Latin parishes in the East • Trampled consecrated hosts from the Latin churches! • Cardinal Humbert (W) • Representative of Pope Leo IX. • Excommunicated Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople (E) by placing a decree of excommunication on the altar of the Hagia Sophia • Not the most diplomatic man… • Patriarch Cerularius then excommunicated the Pope!

22. People viewed all of reality in terms of levels of authority and importance. “The Great Chain of Being” is the application of a hierarchical view to spirituality.

24. Impact of Feudalism The Church was the largest landowner. Bishops and abbots/abbesses (heads of monasteries) functioned as lords of manors. They issued money, judged lawsuits, and fought in battles. Firmly established the Church Hierarchy which functioned in much the same way as the societal hierarchy of feudalism.

25. Church Hierarchy Pope Earthly head of the Roman Church Bishops Head of a local Church (Diocese). Subject to the Pope Clergy and Religious Includes: Priests, Monks/Brothers, Nuns/Sisters. Laypeople Includes all un-ordained people

26. Challenges Facing the Church • Hard to define Church-State relationships: • Charlemagne said: Emperor controlled the Church, the pope’s job was to pray for it • Pope Nicholas I said: Pope governs the Church, the Emperor’s job is to protect it • After Pope Leo III’s death in 816, wealthy Roman families saw papacy as “a personal prize to be passed among them” • 816-1016: mostly weak popes, but generally good men.

27. Corruption within the Church Pope is seen as a political pawn rather than pious spiritual leader. 800-1073 marked by weak or corrupt popes. Lay investiture – Secular rulers were choosing bishops, priests, abbots and abbesses Simony – The buying and selling of Church offices Disregard for Celibacy – Many priests and bishops lived with women they weren’t married to and had children

28. Corruption = Opportunity for reform • Pope St. Gregory VII 1073-1085 • Born Hildebrand • Was a Cluniac Monk and became pope at the age of 53 • Extremely smart, hardworking, had an “iron will,” very energetic. • Insisted on clerical celibacy • Ended simony and lay investiture • Wrote “Dictates of the Pope” 27 propositions that spelled out the relationship between papal and secular authority • Major issues with Henry IV over lay investiture Henry is excommunicated

29. Lay Investiture Controversy- Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV - Appoints his own Bishop in Milan Pope St. Gregory VII – Warns the emperor then deposes and excommunicates Henry IV. "Hildebrand, no longer pope but a false monk" : — "I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all my bishops say to thee: 'Descend! Descend, thou ever accursed.'“ – Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor "I depose him from the government of the whole Kingdom of Germany and Italy, release all Christians from their oath of allegiance, forbid him to be obeyed as king . . . and as thy successor bind him with the fetters of anathema“ – Gregory VII.

30. Lay Investiture Continued " German Bishops own about 2/3 of land in Germany, Henry IV is stuck and must repent and ask for the Pope’s forgiveness. January 25, 1077 Henry IV goes to Canossa Italy to reconcile with the Pope. Gregory VII refuses to see the emperor and Henry IV waits outside in the snow for 3 days! At the prompting of an important monk Hugh of Cluny, Gregory VII receives Henry IV and takes away the excommunication. Symbolic victory for the Papacy- the Holy Roman Emperor succumbed to the Pope. However Henry IV a year later elects his own Pope Clement III (an anti-pope). Concordat of Worms – Ends the Investiture controversy. Popes and bishops are elected by the conclave.