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Understanding Synapse and Its Functions in Neural Communication

This lecture covers the synapse, its types, properties, classification, and mechanisms of action, including neurotransmitter functions and removal. Learn about physiological and anatomical classifications, receptor proteins, second messenger systems, neurotransmitter categories, synaptic transmission properties, and factors affecting neural activity.

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Understanding Synapse and Its Functions in Neural Communication

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  1. CNS (SYNAPSE)

  2. Synapse • At the end of this lecture you should be able to ; • Synapse and its types • Properties of Synapses

  3. The Synapse • Junctional point between two neurons that transmits impulse from first to the second Neuron.

  4. Classification • Anatomical Classification • (on the Basis of Communication ) • 1. Axo-Dendritic • 2. Axo-Somatic • 3. Axo-Axonic • 4. Dendro-dendritic (amacrine cells in Eye) PHYSIOLOGICAL Classification: (According to Nature) 1. Electrical 2. Chemical

  5. Chemical synapse

  6. Electrical synapse

  7. Physiological Anatomy Components 1. Presynaptic terminal 3. Postsynaptic membrane 2. SynapticCleft Typical Anterior Motor Neuron

  8. Mechanism of Action of Neuro-transmitter on the Post-synaptic Membrane • Receptor Proteinshave Two Components: • Binding Component • Ionophore Component Anionic channel a. Ion Channels { Cationic channel b. Second Messenger Activator

  9. Second Messenger System in the Postsynaptic Neuron • G-Proteins; is Attached to Receptor Protein on its inner surface. • Three components of G-Protein. 1. Alpha - Activator 2. Beta & Gamma - attached to alpha component On activation, ά-Component separates from β & γ components - is Free to perform the function specific for that particular Neuron.

  10. Second Messenger System in the Postsynaptic Neuron

  11. Functions Which Can be Performed By α-Component • Opening of specific Ion channel in the Postsynaptic Membrane. • Activation of Cyclic AMP • Activation of intracellular Enzymes. • Activation of Gene Transcription

  12. Rapidly Acting Transmitters(Small Molecules) • Class-I. - Acetylcholine Class-II.(Amines) Adrenalin (Epinephrine) Nor-adrenaline (Nor-Epinephrine) Dopamin Serotinin Histamine CLASS-III. ( Amino Acids) Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Glutamate Glycin Aspartate Class-IV-Nitrous Oxide Class-V- Neuropeptides. Substance-P, Enkephalin, Endorphins

  13. Neurotransmitter Removal Monoamine Oxidase

  14. Properties of Synapses orSynaptic Transmission 1. One Way Conduction 2. Synaptic Delay. minimum 0.5 m.sec 3. Excitation (EPSP) Presynaptic 4. Inhibition-{ Postsynaptic

  15. Excitation & Inhibition Excitation:is carried out by: 1. Opening of Sodium Channels 2. Decreased conduction through K+ or Cl- Channels. 3. Various changes in the metabolism of Postsynaptic Neuron Inhibtion: Pre & Post Synaptic Inhibition 1. Opening of chloride Channels 2. Increase in K+ ion efflux by opening K+ Channels 3. activation of Enzymes which inhibit metabolism. > By producing Hyperpolarization

  16. Negative feedback inhibition of Spinal Motor Neuron via Inhibitory interneuron (Renshaw Cell) in the spinal cord Renshaw Cell

  17. Reciprocal Inhibition

  18. Properties of Synapses 5. Synaptic fatigue: Partially due to exhaustion of stores of neurotransmitter & Probable two other factors include; 1. Progressive inactivation of postsynaptic receptors 2. Slow development of abnormal concentration of ions inside the postsynaptic neuronal cell. Significance: Stabilization of Nervous system

  19. Properties of Synapses Spatial summation ( > one Neuron) 6. Summation { Temporal summation (Only One N repetitively)

  20. Properties of Synapses 7. Facilitation

  21. Properties of Synapses 8.Occlusion – Net Response < than the individualPresynaptic N & Subliminal Fringe Subliminal fringe is due to spatial summation. Occlusion is due to Overlapping of the fibers.

  22. Occlusion • The decrease in expected response due to pre synaptic fibers sharing post synaptic neurons is called occlusion

  23. Properties of Synapses 9.Convergence e.g on ά-motor N CNS correlates ,summates and sort different types of Information. 10.Divergence Amplifing type Cortico spinal pathway

  24. Divergence into multiple Tracts

  25. Properties of Synapses 11.Recruitment. involving more & more neurons as the stimulus becomes stronger 11. After discharge.-Prolonged out put discharge after the incoming signal is over. Mechanism: a. Synaptic after discharge (parallel Collaterals) b. Reverberatory circuits

  26. Properties of Synapses . 13.Posttetanic Potentiation; Production of enhanced postsynaptic potentials in response to stimulation. Due to accumulation of Ca++ in the Presynaptic Neuron. 14. Habituation; Gradual Disappearance of response to a repeated benign stimulus is called Habituation. > Decrease Release of Ach > Decrease Intracellular Ca++. .

  27. Properties of Synapses • Effect of Acidosis & Alkalosis: Acidosis: Greatly depresses neuronal activity Fall in pH from 7.4 to 7.0 > Comma ( Diabetic or Uremic ) Alkalosis: Greatly Increase Neuron Excitability Hypoxia: > unconsciousness Within 3-7 seconds. Drugslike Caffeine, theophyline & theobromine > Increase Excitability Decrease in ca++ > Increased Excitability & Vice versa Anesthetics > Increase in threshold for excitation

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