Why is moss so short? How does moss utilize water?

1. Why is moss so short? How does moss utilize water? Where are you likely to find moss? Why is this the case? http://image.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/bryophyte-life-cycle-stages.jpeg

2. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/fecycle.gif How is the fern more advanced than the moss? In terms of height, how does the fern compare to moss and the pine tree?

3. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms The Seed Plants

4. Gymnosperms • Seeded land plants • Contain an ovule & seed • Pollinate for reproduction – male non-flagellated pollen grains (wind dispersal) • Contain a “naked seed” NOT contained within an ovary.

5. Gymnosperm Life Cycle • The diploid (sporophyte) stage produces cones. • Male and female cones (the reproductive structures) produce two different kinds of haploid spores: • microspores (male) and • megaspores (female). • These spores give rise to gametophytes of the same sex, which in turn produce the gametes. • Fertilization occurs when pollen grains are carried to the open end of an ovule.

7. 4 Gymnosperm Divisions • Pinophyta or Coniferophyta (pines, firs, spruces) • Cycadophyta (cycads) • Ginkophyta (ginko) • Gnetophyta (a mix of traits found in the three previous divisions AND they contain some angiosperm traits, the “dumping” ground)

8. Pinophyta or Coniferophyta • woody plants, usually trees • wood compact • Many have woody cones

9. Pinophyta/Coniferophyta • All other pinophytes are more common • for example: Pines, firs, spruce, even giant redwoods

10. Cycads • Possess large cones • Found in Florida and Australia (possibly others) • palmlike plants • leaves usually pinnately compound • 11 existing genera • Dioecious (separate sexed plants)

11. Ginkgophyta • Only one living species- the “supposed” oldest tree around • fan-shaped leaves, bilobed or with more lobes, • Found initially in China and now all-over • dioecious

12. The Angiosperms (Anthophyta) • 260,000 living species classified in 453 families

13. Angiosperm Characteristics Angiosperms, although very diverse all share several common characteristics: • Ovules that are enclosed within a flower • Double fertilization, which leads to the formation of an endosperm • Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

14. MONOCOTS One cotyledon (seed leaf) Parallel (usually) venation Flower parts in multiples of 3’s Scattered arrangement of vascular bundles No secondary growth Roots are adventitious, often fibrous DICOTS Two cotyledons (seed leaf) Netlike venation Flower parts in multiples of 4’s of 5’s Vascular bundles are in rings Secondary (woody) growth Root develops from radicle, often a tap root Monocots v. Dicots

16. Corn Stem Monocot – scattered bundles Medicago Plant Dicot –bundles arranged in rings

17. Rananculus Dicot – Root X-shaped xylem Corn Root Monocot ringed array of vascular bundles in this

18. Angiosperm Reproduction • Meiosis in the sporophyte generation produces two kinds of spores. • microspores • which will germinate and develop into the male gametophyte generation and • megaspores • will develop into the female gametophyte generation. Flowers develop from flower buds.