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Cold War: 1945-1991

Cold War: 1945-1991. Cold War: State of hostility between the United States and the USSR Escalation and De-escalation throughout Characterized by US’s hatred of communism and USSR’s desire to spread communism Led to brink of war. Korea. The situation in Korea…. Japan took over in 1910

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Cold War: 1945-1991

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  1. Cold War: 1945-1991 • Cold War: State of hostility between the United States and the USSR • Escalation and De-escalation throughout • Characterized by US’s hatred of communism and USSR’s desire to spread communism • Led to brink of war

  2. Korea

  3. The situation in Korea… • Japan took over in 1910 • End of WWII-Japanese troops North of 38th parallel surrendered to USSR, south of 38th surrendered to US • Two nations developed • Republic of Korea (ROK)- “South Korea”-Rhee, Seoul • Democratic People’s Republic of Korea- “North Korea”- Kim Il Sung, Pyongyang

  4. North Koreans cross the 38th parallel- June 25, 1950

  5. Korean War Summary 1) June 25th, 1950- NK cross 38th parallel, SK/US limited to Pusan 2) Sept-Oct 1950- Inchon- back to 38th parallel, recaptures Seoul 3) Oct-Nov 1950- US pushes North to Yalu River 4) Nov-Dec 1950- Chinese push US back to 38th Parallel 5) 1951-53- Stalemate- 38th parallel (Armistice signed in 1953)

  6. The Space Race-US vs. USSR • Arms race turned into technology race and space race • Sputnik- first unmanned artificial satellite-(Oct 1957) USSR • US response • Jan 1958-Explorer I • July 20, 1969-US put first men on the moon

  7. Arms Race: Bomb Timeline • 1945- US- atomic bomb • 1949- USSR- atomic bomb • Nov 1952- US- hydrogen bomb • August 1953- USSR- hydrogen bomb • US vs. USSR-in competition to build nuclear arsenal • Escalation!

  8. CUBA

  9. Cuba • Castro took control of Cuban gov’t in 1959 and relied heavily on Soviet aid • Enemy of US-wants him out of power

  10. Bay of Pigs Invasion- April 1961 • Set up by Eisenhower, JFK inherited • US hoped invasion would trigger uprising against Castro • US covert action (trained Cuban exiles) • 1400 Cuban exiles against 20,000 Cuban troops  US Failure • ResultsUS failed and humiliated • Castro strengthened • Contributes to Khrushchev’s decision to build Berlin Wall

  11. The Berlin Wall • West Berlin=showcase for democracy • Khrushchev reactsstarts the night between the 12th & 13th of August 1961(completed with/in days)- surrounds entire city of West Berlin • Wall constructedGuard towers were installed, and “no-man’s-land” between inner and outer walls was mined and booby-trapped. • Almost impossible for E. Germans to escape to W. Berlin without being killed or captured. • Became most famous symbol of Cold War. (Torn down in 89)

  12. Cuban Missile Crisis Background • Khrushchev promised to defend Cuba with nuclear arms • Nuclear bases being built in Cuba (U-2) • Oct 22, 1962- JFK announces Soviet missile sights in Cuba- stand off begins • Neither side willing to concede • World stood on brink of all-out nuclear war for nearly 2 weeks. • Result: Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles if the United States ended the blockade. • Kennedy quickly agreed and offered to remove from American warheads in Turkey aimed at the USSR. • Washington and Moscow agree to install “hotline” between capitals

  13. Vietnam War

  14. Ike’s Domino Theory

  15. Geneva Accords • 17th Parallel • Ho Chi Minh in North, capital Hanoi • Nationalists in South: Diem, capital Saigon • 1956 to have an election to unify the country

  16. War in the Jungle • US thinks advanced weapons = win • Vietcong: hit and run/ambush attacks/ knowledge of the jungle • No frontline • Enemy among civilian population, didn’t know who the enemy was • Countless booby traps/land mines • Heat, leaches, bugs

  17. Began assembly during war w/ Fr • Connected villages throughout the countryside, home to guerrilla fighters • Inside: ate, slept, stored arms, built land mines, treated wounded

  18. Ho Chi Minh Trail • Minh supplies arms to Vietcong • guerrilla warfare • S. Vietnam more unstable

  19. Campaign “Hearts and Minds” • To win “Hearts and Minds” of S. Vietnamese • Ended up hurting rural population • Napalm: gasoline-based bomb set fire to the jungle • Agent Orange: leaf-killing toxic chemical that devastated the landscape

  20. Napalm Attack

  21. Agent Orange

  22. Agent Orange Victims, 1999

  23. 1976 – Postwar • Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) • Comm takeover; Saigon is renamed to Ho Chi Minh City. • Vietnam's most populous city remained unstable under Communist rule.

  24. Khmer Rouge • US invasion of Cambodia created civil war • Communist grp: Khmer Rouge1975 wanted to transform country to a peasant society, executed gov’t officials/academics, believed to kill 2million Cambodians

  25. The End of the Cold War-1980’s • Causes: • 1. Information Age • 2. Global Democratization-(# of new democracies grew 5X btw 1950-2000 • 3. Travelers from the West • 4. World Leaders

  26. RONALD REAGAN – 40th President of U.S. (1981-89)

  27. SDI (“Star Wars”) • USSR=“Evil Empire” • Increased military spending • Strategic Defense Initiative- missiles defense system

  28. The Reagan Doctrine • Put pressure on USSR to give up its “evil empire” • U.S. pledges support to any national groups interested in protecting their governments from Communist takeover

  29. Mikhail Gorbachev – Gen. Party Secy (1985-1991) 1st Soviet Leader Born after Russian Revolution

  30. Gorbachev’s Plan • “perestroika” – a restructuring of the Soviet economy • “glasnost” -openness

  31. BOTH LEADERS-PRAGMATIC Note the Time Background… What do you see?

  32. And they do three times…. Making agreements to disarm over time • Geneva Summit (85) • Reykjavik Summit (86) • INF Treaty (87) – first arms reduction treaty

  33. World Leaders Play a Role • Reagan Gorbachev Margaret Thatcher (PM of GB) • Lech Walesa Deng Xiopiang Pope John Paul II Solidarity Mvmt.

  34. Early Revolutions in E. EuropeIron Curtain Remains • 56-Poland-unsuccessful • 56-Hungary-unsuccessful • 68-Czech-unsuccessful

  35. Democracy Sweeps Through Eastern Europe • POLAND • CZECHOSLOVAKIA • GERMANY • ROMANIA • BULGARIA • HUNGARY

  36. Why? • Decades of patient containment by NATO • Economic Burden of Arms Race • Glasnost and Perestroika • Presence of underground student movements

  37. 1989 • Soviets invade Afghanistan in 79-leave in 89 • May 89-Hungary-May 1989-Dismantled barbed wire fence along Austrian border-E. Germans fled to W. through Hungary. • Aug. 89-Under Lech Valesa-First ever non-communist post-WWII gov’t takes charge in Poland

  38. JUNE 12, 1987 Reagan at B. Wall: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall……” Nov 9, 1989- the Berlin Wall fell

  39. East Germany

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