The Reason for the Civil War

1. Mon, 9/22/14 The Reason for the Civil War • Why do you think President Lincoln changes his mind from thinking (in a letter to a newspaper editor) … • “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that” … • To issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, stating … • “all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state … in rebellion against the United States, shall then, thenceforward, and forever free?”

2. United States Civil War & Reconstruction “Both Sides and the Cause” James Barroll Washington, Captain George Armstrong Custer, and unidentified African American child

3. SLO - Students will understand how the North (the Union) achieved victory during the Civil War.

4. “America Divided” • http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history/videos/america-divided • “The Path to Civil War” • http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history/videos/us-inches-closer-to-war Discuss w/ Your Neighbor in Response to Videos: • (1) Why did the South fight the war? • (2) Why did Southerners view a Civil War with the North as a similar struggle against Great Britain in the American Revolution (page 124 of textbook)? • (3) Why did the South secede in response to Abraham Lincoln’s election? • (4) Why did the South interpret any limitation of slavery in the territories as a threat to slavery everywhere?

5. John Bell: Bless my soul I give up. John C. Breckinridge: That long legged Abolitionist is getting ahead of us after all. Stephen Douglas: I never run so in my life. The Election of 1860 • Democratic Party becomes divided into Northern and Southern factions • “Constitution Union” Party forms due to the national crisis • Abraham Lincoln wins with less than 40% of popular vote

6. The South Secedes • South Carolina Legislature calls for a special convention on Dec. 20, 1860 to secede. • Feb. 1, 1861, six more states secede – Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. • Fort Sumter in South Carolina falls on April 13, 1861, as the Confederacy takes the fort. • Between April 17 and June 8, four more states secede – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee

7. Border States Why is it important for the North to retain the Border States?

8. Border States * If Maryland joined the Confederacy, the Confederate states could have surrounded Washington D.C. * Missouri and Kentucky remaining in the Union, gives the North better geographical access to the South and allows for “Anaconda Plan.”

9. Anaconda Plan

10. Advantages of North and South • What were the advantages of the North and South (p. 127)?

11. Advantages of North and South NorthSouth • Larger Population - Knew the geography • Manufactured goods - Better generals • Navy and merchant ships - Better morale • More farms • Railroads ** South experienced • Iron production 9,000 % inflation • Banking capital ** financing the war!!! North: Loaf of Bread, $0.05 before war, $0.09 by end of war. South: Loaf of Bread, $0.05 before war, $450 in Confederate bills by end of war.

12. War Strategy - North and South • What were the different war strategies of the North and South?

13. War Strategy - North and South ** Many on both sides believed it would be a short war. NorthSouth • “Anaconda Plan” - War of attrition • Blockade of Confederate ports - Break North’s resolve • Divide the South in two halves to continue fighting • Take the Mississippi River - Offensive victories • Destroy South’s railway systems- Foreign intervention

14. Anaconda Plan

15. Battle of Antietam (Maryland) • Sept. 17, 1862 – Confederates attempt a victory on northern soil • Great Britain was prepared to recognize the Confederacy if it won at this time a major victory. • Lincoln then issues the Emancipation Proclamation!!

16. Siege of Vicksburg (Mississippi) • Last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River * Gen. Grant unsuccessful with offensive attacks, decides to lay siege to city. * Gen. Pemberton surrenders on July 4, 1863.

17. Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) • July 1 - 3, 1863 • Gen. Lee attempts again to attack into the North • http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history/videos/the-battle-of-gettysburg

18. Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Day One – Union forces take the high ground surrounding the city - Union forces attempt to stall Confederate advances Day Two – Union lines organized in a “fish-hook” formation - Confederates attempt to get around Union lines at “Little Round Top” Day Three – Gen. Lee is convinced that Union forces must be weak in the middle, so he orders “Pickett’s Charge”

19. Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) • Never again would Confederate forces attempt an offensive maneuver in the Northern states. • Confederacy could not afford the almost 28,000 casualties • Total casualties = 51,000

20. Review: • (1) Why was the Civil War fought? • (2) What were the results of the Battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg? • (3) How did the North Achieve victory during the Civil War?

21. Wed, 9/24/14 • What do you think about the saying, “All is fair in love and war?” • Will encounter historical events today that relate to this saying. • Summarize, what were the reasons the Union was victorious in the U.S. Civil War?

22. Reasons the Union Won • Resources!! – More people, industry, Navy, more farms, more miles of railroads, 97% of all guns manufactured in North, and had better financial system. • Avoided major defeats from Confederacy on Northern soil. • Avoided foreign intervention from France, Great Britain, etc. • Executed the Anaconda Plan!!

23. Reasons the Union Won • Defeated Gen. Robert E. Lee and South’s major advantage – its generals, its military leadership. • However, the brilliance of Gen. Robert E. Lee almost proved effective enough for victory. • His “offensive-defensive” strategy, largely fighting a defensive war but seizing the initiative when he perceived an advantage, almost worked!!

24. Advantages of North and South NorthSouth • Larger Population - Knew the geography • Manufactured goods - Better generals • Navy and merchant ships - Better morale • More farms • Railroads ** South experienced • Iron production 9,000 % inflation • Banking capital ** financing the war!!! North: Loaf of Bread, $0.05 before war, $0.09 by end of war. South: Loaf of Bread, $0.05 before war, $450 in Confederate bills by end of war.

25. Interesting Facts About the War • 2/3’s of Southerners did not own slaves. • By the war’s end, the Confederacy lost ¼ of all its men. • In 1860, if the Confederacy were an independent nation, it would have had the fourth largest economy in the world. • However, by 1865, its exports of cotton dropped by 95%.

26. Destruction of the South

27. Destruction of the South

28. Destruction of the South

29. Destruction of the South

30. Destruction of the South

31. Destruction of the South

32. Destruction of the South

33. Sherman in Georgia • Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman took over for Gen. U.S. Grant. • Known for his “scorched earth” and “total war” strategies • “War is all hell.” • Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman • Wanted to break the will of the South

34. Sherman in Georgia • “Total War” strategy                1. a war in which every available weapon is used, and the nation's full financial resources are devoted                2. a war with no restrictions on any weapons, land fought on, victims, and the reason for war                3. a war with no rules

35. Sherman in Georgia • Aug., 1864 enters Georgia • Destroys railroads, warehouses, mills, factories, etc. - On Sept. 2, 1864, Sherman enters Atlanta, and the city is set on fire

36. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • “The devils seem to have a determination that cannot but be admired. No amount of poverty or adversity seems to shake their faith – niggers gone – wealth and luxury gone, money worthless, starvation in view within a period of two or three years, are causes enough to make the bravest tremble, yet I see no sign of let up – some few deserters – plenty tired of war, but the masses determined to fight it out.” • General William Tecumseh Sherman

37. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • Nov. 15 – Dec. 21, 1864 • Path of destruction through Georgia at times 60 miles wide, again destroying railroads, warehouses, mills, factories, etc. • Causes $100 million in property damage

38. Do we fight wars like this today? • Why or why not?

39. Lee Surrenders at Appomattox • April 1, 1865 Gen. Lee gives up Richmond, flees West • Gen. Lee’s men are surrounded by Northern Gen. Sheridan and Grant, and he surrenders to Gen. Grant on April 9, 1865

40. Lee Surrenders at Appomattox • From U.S. Grant To R.E. Lee, Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865. • General: I propose to receive the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia on the following terms … The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States… The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked … This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside.

41. Lee Surrenders at Appomattox • From R.E. Lee To U.S. Grant Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865. • General: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect. • R. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U.S. Grant.  ** Gen. Lee thanks Gen. Grant, stating, the kindness would “do much toward conciliating our people.”

42. Headquarters, Army of Northern Virginia, 10th April 1865. General Order No. 9After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to the result from no distrust of them. But feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that must have attended the continuance of the contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen. By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection. With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your Country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration for myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell. — R. E. Lee, General, General Order No. 9