Business Aspects of International Journal Management

1. Business Aspectsof International Journal Management Kosasih Iskandarsjah editorPenerbit Graha IlmuDiscoveryIndonesia.com

2. 4 Functions of Scientific Journal • Registration • Dissemination • Archive • Certification Hasn’t changed much since the first such journal published in 1665: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

3. Primary Knowledge • Journals:primary knowledge(have unlimited shelve time in libraries) - archiving • Books/magazine:secondary knowledge(have limited shelve time at libraries)

4. Print to Electronic • Print journals • Print journals with web companion • Electronic only journals • Print journals with electronic versions at specialized platforms: ScienceDirect, Ovid, Synergy,Wiley Interscience, Highwire, SwetsWise, ProQuest

5. Publishers of Journals • University Presses:Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press • Learned Societies:American Chemical Society • Commercial Publishers:Elsevier, Wolter Kluwer, John Wiley, Blackwell, Sage, Taylor & Francis, World Scientific, Hindawi Publishing

6. Relative Weight and IFby Type of Publisher • Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002.

7. Journal Subscription Priceby Type of Publisher • Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002.

8. Citation and Budgetby Type of Publisher • Boismenu and Beaudry, Scholarly Journals in the New Digital World, University of Calgary Press, 2002.

9. Publishing Process The conventional role of scientific publishing comprises of the following functions: • Manuscript evaluation and selection • Text preparation and formatting • Distribution, promotion, and sales • Preservation

10. New Publishing Tasks (Digital) • Establish a digital processing chain for production of by-products • Digital dissemination methods • Dissemination and marketing methods • Creation of knowledge transfer model

11. Digital processing chain • Publishers’ product can be presented in a number of complementary forms. • To enable reusability of contents, XML tagging has been embedded within the production process, especially at the typesetting stage.

12. Digital dissemination methods • Publisher no longer provide tangible product; they now provide service, in that reader can buy access to service. • Readers avoid having to purchase equipments necessary to store digital publication. • Preservation and indexing which traditionally performed by librarians, ultimately become the responsibility of a publisher.

13. Marketing methods • Due to different nature of digital production, the dissemination and marketing methods must be reviewed. • The usage of GoogleAd, creation of authors’ and editors’ weblog are several of the options.

14. Knowledge transfer model • The most interesting one, which involved in participating in the creation of knowledge transfer model that benefit from interaction between readers and authors and the use of multimedia. • Passive to active to interactive

15. Business Model • University Presses:from university budget • Learned Societies:from membership fees and some sponsorship • Commercial Publisher:from subscription (print and electronic) • Open Access/Author Pay:from the author or research sponsor

16. Commercial Publisher The way commercial publisher evaluate the target country for publishing • GDP size and its growth. • Market size in papers, its growth • Quality of the scientific research and its growth • Percentage of the GDP spent on Science and Technology • Publisher’s publishing presence • Publisher’s market share • Political commitment to S&T • Number of students and its change in time

17. Quantity vs Quality of Papers(including China)

18. Quantity vs Quality of Papers(excluding China)

19. Serial Crisis (1976-1995)

20. Serial Crisis (The Solution of) • Resulting to new business model • Starting with consortia site licensing in 1995 • Follow by ‘big deal’ model • All made possible by the internet • Commercial publishers become even more lucrative with the new business model

21. Challenge to Commercial Publishers • SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources) • A worldwide alliance of scholars, librarians and institutions • SPARC strives to return ‘science to scientist.’

22. SPARC Initial Approach • Start new journals with non-profit publishers to compete with large, high priced commercial journals • Guarantee at least 200 circulation for these journals (ARL libraries’ fund) • Current approach: Open Access

23. Author/Institution Pay Model • Major cost-cutting and downsizing to the essentials required • Peer Review is the service rendered by journal (publisher) • Archiving provided by author-institution (institutional or self-archiving) • Library funds (partly) re-channeled to author funding • Upfront payment model superior to subscription model in virtually every way: more equitable as there are no access restrictions

24. Advantage of Open Access • Morally right: as tax payer pays for (most of) research, (s)he should have free access to the results • Cheaper: no money required for access control systems • Higher visibility - maximization and acceleration of research impact (more citations): hence more research productivity and progress • Third world scientists will now get access to everything (level playing field) • End of library crisis?

25. Principle of OA Strategy • Start new Open Access (OA) journals • ‘Convert’ (12-20K) existing PA (Paid Access) journals into OA ones • Self Archiving – Institutional Repositories – Open Archives

26. Open Access Publishers • Could be for-profit or non-profit • Public Library of Science • BioMed Central • Oxford University Press • Hybrid models (Highwire, J-Stage, Hindawi)

27. Scholarly Publishing: Indonesia • Mostly university presses • Some society publishing (mostly from medical professions) • Stronger in social sciences and medical science

28. Parameter for Developing • GDP size and its growth. • Market size in papers, its growth • Quality of the scientific research and its growth • Percentage of the GDP spent on Science and Technology • Political commitment to S&T • Number of students and its change in time

29. GDP of Indonesia

30. Market size in papers • Based on GDP, Indonesia rank the 17th and at the same level with other emerging other science countries, but the market size of papers is still below those of Taiwan, South Korea, and India. • However, the commitment of the Indonesian government on higher budget for education will eventually trickle to the scientific paper creations. • The change of status of many top universities to BHMN (stated own legal entity) will free the universities to find collaborations with various parties to create the most efficient scholarly communication platform.

31. Quality of the scientific researches • University presses are traditionally stronger in social sciences and in Indonesia it’s no exception. However, medical research will also have more rooms, especially with the possible sponsorship of pharmaceutical companies as well as traditional herbal medicine companies in studying Indonesian materia medica. • While geographic-bound research might be important locally, a journal must not emphasize too much on local research in order to get international exposure (and hence international market) of the journal.

32. % of GDP spent on S&TPolitical commitment to S&T • The above two parameters can be increased by effective lobbying to government bodies by Indonesian universities. • Effective usage of current level of research fund must be encouraged.

33. Number of students • Indonesia has big number of students which increase over time. Besides the quantity, quality of researches conducted by these students can be improved. • Introduce students to scholarly journals (many of them available for free in the Internet) is essential to build a sizeable scholarly minded individuals (and hence both writer and reader of scholarly articles) in the near future.

34. Review on Business Models • Author/Insitutional Pay • Could be Open Access or University Presses • Minimum print run 200 copies with e-journal or e-journal only • Using most of the electronic features • Given example: World Journal of Gastroenterology (see attachment) • Usually self publish

35. Review on Business Models • Society Memberships Model • Print journal with/without e-journal • Print run based non membership • Usually at least 1000 copies • Very much print oriented with only limited web presence • Mostly HK and Taiwan journals • Given example: HK Journal of Nephrology (see attachment) • Usually using commercial services

36. Review on Business Models • Pharma Sponsorship to Societies • Usually print medical journal with e-journal • Printrun: membership + pharma • Long-term commitment from pharma is essential • Most common for medical journals in Korea and India • Given example: Diabetes India (1000 copies subscriptions paid by 2 pharmas at US$25 per annum)

37. Proprietary Journal • Owned by Commercial Publishers (e.g. Elsevier) or US bigger societies (e.g. ACS, JAMA) • Usually print with e-journal • Print run based on target market • Could be as little as 200 copies (specialized journal) to as many as 200,000 copies (The Lancet) • Main income from institutional subscriptions

38. Epilogue • Indonesia has a long way to go to be considered as scientifically established country • Already has the necessary fundamentals: GDP, number of students, commitment to education • Need to increase quantity and quality of researches • Need to find the right business model based on the nature of the journal • Need to embrace digital technology (print only requirement from the Ministry of Education might need to be reconsidered).

39. Thank You • For further inquiries, please send email to: • kosasih@indo.net.id • Kosasih_iskandarsjah@yahoo.com • Visit my personal weblog at:kosasihiskandarsjah.wordpress.com • Visit my online magazine:discoveryindonesia.com