C H A P T E R

1. QUIT 17 C H A P T E R The Progressive Era CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE The Origins of Progressivism 1 SECTION GRAPH MAP Women in Public Life 2 SECTION Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal 3 SECTION Progressivism Under Taft 4 SECTION Wilson’s New Freedom 5 SECTION VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 17 C H A P T E R The Progressive Era To explain how the progressive movement managed to increase the power of government to regulate business and to protect society from the injustices fostered by big business

3. HOME 17 C H A P T E R The Progressive Era I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y It is the dawn of the 20th century, and the reform movement is growing. Moral reformers are trying to ban alcoholic beverages. Political reformers work toward fair government and business practices. Women fight for equal wages and the right to vote. Throughout society, social and economic issues take center stage. What kinds of actions can bring about social change? Examine the Issues • What types of actions might pressure big business to change? • How can individuals bring about change in their government? • How might reformers recruit others?

4. TIME LINE 1896William McKinley is elected president. 1889Eiffel Tower opens for visitors. 1899Boer War in South Africa begins. 1901Commonwealth of Australia is created. 1898Marie Curie discovers radium. 1901McKinley is assassinated; Theodore Roosevelt becomes president. 1900William McKinley is reelected. 1904Theodore Roosevelt is elected president. 1908William H. Taft is elected president. 1909W. E. B. Du Bois helps found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). HOME 17 C H A P T E R The Progressive Era The United States The World continued . . .

5. TIME LINE 1912Woodrow Wilson is elected president. 1913China’s Qin Dynasty topples. 1914World War I begins in Europe. 1918Mohandas Gandhi becomes leader of the independence movement in India. 1916Woodrow Wilson is reelected. 1918Eighteenth Amendment outlaws alcoholic beverages. 1920Nineteenth Amendment grants women the right to vote. 1910Mexican revolution begins. HOME 17 C H A P T E R The Progressive Era The United States The World

6. 1 S E C T I O N The Origins of Progressivism HOME GRAPH MAP KEY IDEA Social and economic changes during the late 19th century create broad reform movements in American society. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N The Origins of Progressivism •Florence Kelley •prohibition •referendum •Robert M. La Follette •recall •initiative • muckraker •progressive movement •scientific management •Seventeenth Amendment HOME GRAPH MAP OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Progressive reforms such as labor and voting rights have helped to make life in America what it is today. Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America led to broad progressive reforms. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

8. 1 S E C T I O N The Origins of Progressivism ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH MAP 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List examples of organizations that worked for reform in the four areas named. Moral Economic • American Socialist Party • muckrakers • WCTU • Anti-Saloon League ProgressiveReforms Political Social Welfare • YMCA • Salvation Army • National Child Labor Committee continued . . .

9. 1 S E C T I O N The Origins of Progressivism ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH MAP 2. In what ways might Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon all be considered trailblazers in progressive reform?Think About: •legislative and electoral reforms at the state level •the leadership of William U’Ren and Robert La Follette •Florence Kelley’s appointment as chief inspector of factories for Illinois ANSWER • Reforms first instituted in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon soon spread to other states: • Illinois—prohibition of child labor and limit of women’s working hours • Wisconsin—regulation of big business and adoption of the direct primary • Oregon—adoption of the secret ballot, the initiative, the referendum, and the recall End of Section 1

10. 2 S E C T I O N Women in Public Life HOME KEY IDEA Many of the social and economic changes giving rise to progressivism lead women into public life as reformers and workers. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

11. 2 S E C T I O N Women in Public Life •NAWSA •suffrage •NACW •Susan B. Anthony HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW As a result of social and economic change, many women entered public life as workers and reformers. Women won new opportunities in labor and education that are enjoyed today. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

12. 2 S E C T I O N Women in Public Life ASSESSMENT Farm Women Domestic Workers Factory Workers White-Collar Workers HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each category in the chart, provide details about working women in the late 1800s. Women Workers: Late 1800s Domestic work and farm labor Servants, cooks, laundresses, maids; often African Americans or immigrants Manufacturing, garment trades; often single women Stenographers, typists, bookkeepers, teachers; required high school or business degree continued . . .

13. 2 S E C T I O N Women in Public Life ASSESSMENT HOME 2. What women and movements during the Progressive Era helped dispel the stereotype that women were submissive and nonpolitical? ANSWER Women speaking out on reform subjects, including Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Julia Ward Howe, and organizations such as NAWSA and the NACW continued . . .

14. 2 S E C T I O N Women in Public Life ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Why do you think some colleges refused to accept women in the late 19th century? ANSWER Many people believed that a woman’s place was in the home and that higher education should be reserved for men. continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N Women in Public Life ASSESSMENT HOME 4. Imagine you are a woman during the Progressive Era. Explain how you might recruit other women to support the following causes: improving education, housing reform, food and drug laws, the right to vote. Think About: •the problems that each movement was trying to remedy •how women benefited from each cause ANSWER Public demonstrations, soliciting with flyers and information, and public speaking were ways to inform other women and gain their support. Winning the right to vote would give women a voice in governing. Higher education would allow women to secure better jobs. End of Section 2

16. 3 S E C T I O N Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal HOME KEY IDEA Theodore Roosevelt pursues a reform agenda known as the Square Deal. His energetic style contributes to the emergence of the modern presidency. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

17. 3 S E C T I O N Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal •Upton Sinclair •Theodore Roosevelt •conservation •The Jungle •Square Deal •NAACP •Meat Inspection Act •Pure Food and Drug Act HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW As president, Theodore Roosevelt worked to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms. As part of his Square Deal, Roosevelt’s conservation efforts made a permanent impact on environmental resources. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

18. 3 S E C T I O N Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal ASSESSMENT HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain how the following problems were addressed during Roosevelt’s presidency. Problems Solutions 1902 coal strike Federal arbitration Passage of the Meat Inspection Act Unsafe meat processing Legislation to protect the environment Exploitation of the environment Supreme Court’s dissolution of the Northern Securities Company Northern Securities Company monopoly continued . . .

19. 3 S E C T I O N Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal ASSESSMENT HOME 2. In what ways do you think the progressive belief in using experts played a role in shaping Roosevelt’s reforms? Think About: •Roosevelt’s use of experts to help him tackle political, economic, and environmental problems •how experts’ findings affected legislative actions ANSWER Roosevelt used an arbitration commission to mediate the 1902 coal strike and appointed experts to investigate the meatpacking industry. Dr. Wiley, chief chemist at the Department of Agriculture, helped get the Pure Food and Drug Act passed. Gifford Pinchot, a professional conservationist, headed the United States Forest Service. continued . . .

20. 3 S E C T I O N Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Research the coal strike of 1902. Do you think Roosevelt’s intervention was in favor of the strikers or of the mine operators? Why? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSE:Roosevelt did not take sides with the mine workers or the mine owners. Rather he called both participants to the White House to work out their differences. When the owners appeared unwilling to compromise, Roosevelt said that the government would take over the mines. continued . . .

21. 3 S E C T I O N Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal ASSESSMENT HOME 4. Why did W. E. B. Du Bois oppose Booker T. Washington’s views on racial discrimination? ANSWER Du Bois viewed Washington as too accommodating of segregationists. Du Bois wanted immediate equality. End of Section 3

22. 4 S E C T I O N Progressivism Under Taft HOME KEY IDEA William H. Taft pursues a more cautious progressive program during his one term as president. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

23. 4 S E C T I O N Progressivism Under Taft •Payne-Aldrich Tariff •Woodrow Wilson •Gifford Pinchot •Bull Moose Party •William Howard Taft HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats. Third-party candidates continue to wrestle with how to become viable candidates. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

24. 4 S E C T I O N Progressivism Under Taft ASSESSMENT Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes Taft supported that made people question his leadership. Signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff amid public outcry Returned reserved land to public sale Fired Pinchot Supported Joseph Cannon, Speaker of the House of Representatives Contributed to the split in the Republican Party Result: Taft’s Difficultiesin Office continued . . .

25. 4 S E C T I O N Progressivism Under Taft ASSESSMENT HOME 2. What if Roosevelt had won another term in office in 1912? Speculate on how this might have affected the future of progressive reforms. Think About: •Roosevelt’s policies that Taft did not support •the power struggles within the Republican Party •Roosevelt’s perception of what is required of a president ANSWER Unlike Taft, Roosevelt would probably not have given in to the conservatives in the Republican Party, and his reform policies would have been strong. Roosevelt would probably have reversed Taft’s less progressive policies and decisions in an attempt to restore a stronger government role in public affairs. continued . . .

26. 4 S E C T I O N Progressivism Under Taft ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Both Roosevelt and Taft resorted to mudslinging during the 1912 presidential campaign. Do you approve or disapprove of negative campaign tactics? ANSWER • POSSIBLE RESPONSES: • Approve: Negative campaign tactics often help candidates win votes, and these tactics can get to the heart of key issues. • Disapprove: Negative campaign tactics can alienate the public, cause candidates to lose votes, and encourage dishonesty. End of Section 4

27. 5 S E C T I O N Wilson’s New Freedom HOME KEY IDEA Woodrow Wilson claims the presidency as a progressive leader and establishes a strong reform agenda. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

28. 5 S E C T I O N Wilson’s New Freedom •Clayton Antitrust Act •Carrie Chapman Catt •Nineteenth Amendment •Federal Reserve System •Federal Trade Commission (FTC) HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Woodrow Wilson established a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment during Wilson’s administration granted women the right to vote. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

29. 5 S E C T I O N Wilson’s New Freedom ASSESSMENT 1. NAWSA protests on Wilson’s inauguration day.2. The Federal Reserve Act is passed. 1. Federal Trade Act establishes the Federal Trade Commission.2. Clayton Antitrust Act strengthens the Sherman Antitrust Act.3. African American delegation confronts Wilson on his segregation policies. 1. Suffragists picket the Democratic Party convention. HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List some key events relating to Progressivism during Wilson’s first term. Use the dates already plotted on the time line below as a guide. 1913 1914 1916 continued . . .

30. 5 S E C T I O N Wilson’s New Freedom ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Wilson said, “Without the watchful . . . resolute interference of the government, there can be no fair play between individuals and . . . the trusts.” How does this statement reflect Wilson’s approach to reform? Think About: •the government’s responsibility to the public •the passage of two key antitrust measures ANSWER Wilson believed the exploitative practices of big businesses threatened the freedom of consumers and workers. He thought that the government had the responsibility to safeguard public welfare. continued . . .

31. 5 S E C T I O N Wilson’s New Freedom ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Why do you think Wilson failed to push for equality for African Americans, despite his progressive reforms? Think About: •progressive presidents before Wilson •Wilson’s background •the primary group of people progressive reforms targeted ANSWER Wilson, like Roosevelt and Taft, pushed aggressively for economic and political reforms but retreated on civil rights issues. Swayed by his southern upbringing and the support of northern whites, Wilson refused to expand the civil rights of African Americans. End of Section 5